Minimum-general

Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Joseph Lister, Semmelweis Ignác, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Paul Ehrlich, Alexander Fleming

Coccus – 1µm, Gram negative rods 2-4 µm, Bacillus 5-10 µm, Spirochetes 20-30 µm; Rickettsia, Chlamydia 0,5 µm

Nutrient agar, blood agar, chocolate agar

Eosin-methyleneblue culture medium (EMB), Bismuth-sulphite agar, Clauberg agar, Löwenstein-Jensen medium

Nucleoid, ribosome, cytoplasm, plasma membrane; outer membrane and periplasmic space for Gram negatives

Capsule, pilus, cilia, spore, plasmid

Lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, declination phase

Overnight (16-18 hours)

Process of complete elimination or destruction of all forms of microbial life

Process of reduction of the number of microbes to prevent infections.

The number of the germs, the resistance of the germs, the concentration of the disinfectants, the presence of the organic materials, the initial time, the presence of the biofilm.

180°C for 1 hour, 160°C for 2 hours or 140°C for 3 hours.

+ 1 atm overpressure, 121°C, 20-30 minutes or 134°C, +2 atm overpressure 10 minutes.

Ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, beta-propiolactone

Hydrogen-peroxide in high electric field turns into plasma state. The produced free radicals will kill the microbes.

By Bacillus/Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores. If the procedure was performed in correct way, the spores cannot be cultivated.

LAL test; The blood of the horseshoe crab will coagulate in the presence of the LPS.

Chemical agents used for the disinfection of inanimate/non-living surfaces.

Isopropanol, NaOH, hypochlorite, phenol, formalin, glutaraldehyde

Chemical agents used disinfection on animate (tissue, skin, mucous membrane) surfaces.

Ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, cationic detergent

70%

Minimum of 1 minute

3%

Reaction based on the antogen-antibody reaction performed in vitro.

Serological reaction in which binding of cellular sized antigens (RBCs or bacterium cell) and their specific antibodies results in clumping.

Slide agglutination, latex agglutination, tube agglutination

Gruber-Widal reaction, Wright reaction, Weil-Felix reaction

Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi

O: cell wall, H: flagella, K: capsule

The highest dilution fold or the lowest antibody concentration where in vitro antigen-antibody reaction is still detectable.

Serological reactinon in which binding of dissolved antigens (enzyme, toxin or virus partcle) and their specific antibodies results in clumping.

Infection caused by medical staff during investigation or treatment.

Infections acquired in a health-care facility, manifesting more than 48 hours after admission.

Live attenuated microbe; killed/inactivated microbe, toxoid, mRNA, virus vector, subunit antigens of the microbe.

The microbe is examined without killing it.

The size of the microbe, the shape of the microbe, the motility, the staining can be examined.

Sodium oxalate, crystal violet, Iodine solution, 96% of ethanol, fuchsine or safranin.

Anaerostat, Gas-pack jar, high agar, anaerobic chamber.

bacteriostatic: inhibits bacterial growth bactericide: kills bacteria

The antibiotic has an effect only on the bacteria, but not on the human host.

Allergic reaction, dysbacteriosis, induction of resistance, direct toxicity

Tetracycline – teeth enamel damage, chloramphenicol – bone marrow damage, vancomycin – red man syndrome, streptomycin – hearing loss, rifampin - orange discoloration of bodily fluids, fluoroquinolones – tendon rupture

dosis tolerata maxima (DTM)/dosis curativa minima (DCM)

Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenem, Glycopeptide.

vancomycin, teicoplanin

Polymyxines

Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, Macrolide, Chloramphenicol, Linezolid

Quinolones, rifampicin, sulphonamide, trimethoprim

conjugation (plasmid), transduction (bacteriophage), transformation (uptake of naked DNA from the environment

Enzymatic degradation or modification of the antibiotics, efflux pump, modification of the antibiotic binding site

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Eg. Vancomycin, 5th generation cephlosporin

Extended spectrum of beta lactamase enzyme

Eg. Carbapenem

Polymyxin

Minimal bacteriostatic concentration of an antibiotic measured in µg/ml.

Minimal bactericidal concentration of an antibiotic measured in µg/ml.

MBL: metallo-beta-lactamase (carbapenemase) MACI: multi-resistant Acinetobacter PACI: pan-resistant Acinetobacter

Hib (against Haemophilus influenzae type b) Prevenar / Pneumovax (against 13 / 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae) meningococcus vaccines against serotypes ACWY – but not B!

Cellular, therefore it can be given to newborns

Sputum and blood culture

Culvation, Gram staining, biochemical reactions, serology for antigen detection, antibiotic sensitivity testing

Blood, urine, broncho-alveolar lavage.

Serology tests