問題一覧
1
Chemotherapeutic index?
dosis tolerata maxima (DTM)/dosis curativa minima (DCM)
2
List 2 antiseptics from the provided list!
Ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, cationic detergent
3
How are ESBL producing bacterial infections treated?
Eg. Carbapenem
4
List nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors antibiotics! (2 examples)
Quinolones, rifampicin, sulphonamide, trimethoprim
5
How are carbapenemase producing bacteria treated?
Polymyxin
6
Define MBL, MACI and PACI!
MBL: metallo-beta-lactamase (carbapenemase) MACI: multi-resistant Acinetobacter PACI: pan-resistant Acinetobacter
7
What kind of information can we got by light microscopically examination? (3 examples)
The size of the microbe, the shape of the microbe, the motility, the staining can be examined.
8
What specimen is sent to the microbiology diagnostic laboratory in the case of atypical pneumonia?
Blood, urine, broncho-alveolar lavage.
9
What does MRSA mean?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
10
How is MRSA treated?
Eg. Vancomycin, 5th generation cephlosporin
11
Which 3 vaccines contain capsular polysaccharide of bacteria?
Hib (against Haemophilus influenzae type b) Prevenar / Pneumovax (against 13 / 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae) meningococcus vaccines against serotypes ACWY – but not B!
12
What are the obligate structures of the bacterial cell (3 examples)?
Nucleoid, ribosome, cytoplasm, plasma membrane; outer membrane and periplasmic space for Gram negatives
13
What is the theoretical background of plasma sterilization?
Hydrogen-peroxide in high electric field turns into plasma state. The produced free radicals will kill the microbes.
14
What are disinfectants?
Chemical agents used for the disinfection of inanimate/non-living surfaces.
15
What the 4 steps of the replication curve of bacteria?
Lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, declination phase
16
Which bacterial infection can be treated by antitoxin? (2 examples)
Infections caused by bacterial exotoxins: tetanus, botulism, diphtheria
17
What does iatrogenic infection mean?
Infection caused by medical staff during investigation or treatment.
18
What does ESBL mean?
Extended spectrum of beta lactamase enzyme
19
Which parameters influence the effectivity of the sterilization?
The number of the germs, the resistance of the germs, the concentration of the disinfectants, the presence of the organic materials, the initial time, the presence of the biofilm.
20
What are the most frequently used basic culture media? (2 examples)
Nutrient agar, blood agar, chocolate agar
21
List the cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotic classes!
Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenem, Glycopeptide.
22
List the glycopeptide antibiotics!
vancomycin, teicoplanin
23
What is the contact time of 70% ethanol used in skin disinfection?
Minimum of 1 minute
24
List three possible ways of horizontal gene transfer!
conjugation (plasmid), transduction (bacteriophage), transformation (uptake of naked DNA from the environment
25
What does native examination of the microbe mean in microbiology?
The microbe is examined without killing it.
26
Give 2 examples for reactions based on agglutination (from the list)!
Slide agglutination, latex agglutination, tube agglutination
27
What are the antiseptic agents?
Chemical agents used disinfection on animate (tissue, skin, mucous membrane) surfaces.
28
List the antibiotic resistance mechanism!
Enzymatic degradation or modification of the antibiotics, efflux pump, modification of the antibiotic binding site
29
What does antibody titre mean?
The highest dilution fold or the lowest antibody concentration where in vitro antigen-antibody reaction is still detectable.
30
Which antibiotics alternate membrane function?
Polymyxines
31
What concentration of hydrogen peroxide can be used for disinfection?
3%
32
What concentration of ethanol can be used for skin disinfection?
70%
33
What does MIC mean?
Minimal bacteriostatic concentration of an antibiotic measured in µg/ml.
34
Give 3 examples for specific antibiotic side effects (from the list)!
Tetracycline – teeth enamel damage, chloramphenicol – bone marrow damage, vancomycin – red man syndrome, streptomycin – hearing loss, rifampin - orange discoloration of bodily fluids, fluoroquinolones – tendon rupture
35
Definition: selective toxicity
The antibiotic has an effect only on the bacteria, but not on the human host.
36
List 2 disinfectant from the provided list!
Isopropanol, NaOH, hypochlorite, phenol, formalin, glutaraldehyde
37
What does MBC mean?
Minimal bactericidal concentration of an antibiotic measured in µg/ml.
38
Definitions: bacteriostatic, bactericide
bacteriostatic: inhibits bacterial growth bactericide: kills bacteria
39
Parameters of the autoclaving process?
+ 1 atm overpressure, 121°C, 20-30 minutes or 134°C, +2 atm overpressure 10 minutes.
40
List protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics! (3 example)
Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, Macrolide, Chloramphenicol, Linezolid
41
What does disinfection mean?
Process of reduction of the number of microbes to prevent infections.
42
How long does it take for an average bacterium to form colonies on agar plates?
Overnight (16-18 hours)
43
List 3 people who contributed to the development of microbiology (from the examples)!
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Joseph Lister, Semmelweis Ignác, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Paul Ehrlich, Alexander Fleming
44
List chemical agents used for gas sterilization!
Ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, beta-propiolactone
45
What does precipitation mean?
Serological reactinon in which binding of dissolved antigens (enzyme, toxin or virus partcle) and their specific antibodies results in clumping.
46
What are the optional structures of the bacterial cell (3 examples)?
Capsule, pilus, cilia, spore, plasmid
47
What does agglutination mean?
Serological reaction in which binding of cellular sized antigens (RBCs or bacterium cell) and their specific antibodies results in clumping.
48
What devices are used for anaerobic cultivation?
Anaerostat, Gas-pack jar, high agar, anaerobic chamber.
49
What does sterilization mean?
Process of complete elimination or destruction of all forms of microbial life
50
What specimen is sent to the microbiology diagnostic laboratory in the case of typical pneumonia?
Sputum and blood culture
51
What are the solutions used in Gram-staining?
Sodium oxalate, crystal violet, Iodine solution, 96% of ethanol, fuchsine or safranin.
52
What are the contents of the vaccines?
Live attenuated microbe; killed/inactivated microbe, toxoid, mRNA, virus vector, subunit antigens of the microbe.
53
What tests are performed on the sputum and blood culture of a patient with typical pneumonia?
Culvation, Gram staining, biochemical reactions, serology for antigen detection, antibiotic sensitivity testing
54
Biological method used for checking the effectivity of the sterilization.
By Bacillus/Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores. If the procedure was performed in correct way, the spores cannot be cultivated.
55
Which infection can be diagnosed by Gruber-Widal reaction?
Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi
56
Detection of the presence of pyrogenic material in drugs?
LAL test; The blood of the horseshoe crab will coagulate in the presence of the LPS.
57
What are the most frequently used selective culture media? (2 examples)
Eosin-methyleneblue culture medium (EMB), Bismuth-sulphite agar, Clauberg agar, Löwenstein-Jensen medium
58
What are the risks of antibiotic therapy? (2 examples)
Allergic reaction, dysbacteriosis, induction of resistance, direct toxicity
59
What does serological reaction mean?
Reaction based on the antogen-antibody reaction performed in vitro.
60
What type of immunity is induced by the BCG vaccine?
Cellular, therefore it can be given to newborns
61
What does nosocomial infection mean?
Infections acquired in a health-care facility, manifesting more than 48 hours after admission.
62
What are the bacterial cell surface antigens?
O: cell wall, H: flagella, K: capsule
63
What are the parameters for hot air sterilization?
180°C for 1 hour, 160°C for 2 hours or 140°C for 3 hours.
64
What tests are performed on the specimens of a patient with atypical pneumonia?
Serology tests
65
What is the shape and size of bacteria? (3 examples)
Coccus – 1µm, Gram negative rods 2-4 µm, Bacillus 5-10 µm, Spirochetes 20-30 µm; Rickettsia, Chlamydia 0,5 µm
66
List 2 reactions based on tube agglutination!
Gruber-Widal reaction, Wright reaction, Weil-Felix reaction