問題一覧
1
List 3 people who contributed to the development of microbiology (from the examples)!
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Edward Jenner, Joseph Lister, Semmelweis Ignác, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Paul Ehrlich, Alexander Fleming
2
What is the shape and size of bacteria? (3 examples)
Coccus – 1µm, Gram negative rods 2-4 µm, Bacillus 5-10 µm, Spirochetes 20-30 µm; Rickettsia, Chlamydia 0,5 µm
3
What are the most frequently used basic culture media? (2 examples)
Nutrient agar, blood agar, chocolate agar
4
What are the most frequently used selective culture media? (2 examples)
Eosin-methyleneblue culture medium (EMB), Bismuth-sulphite agar, Clauberg agar, Löwenstein-Jensen medium
5
What are the obligate structures of the bacterial cell (3 examples)?
Nucleoid, ribosome, cytoplasm, plasma membrane; outer membrane and periplasmic space for Gram negatives
6
What are the optional structures of the bacterial cell (3 examples)?
Capsule, pilus, cilia, spore, plasmid
7
What the 4 steps of the replication curve of bacteria?
Lag phase, log or exponential phase, stationary phase, declination phase
8
How long does it take for an average bacterium to form colonies on agar plates?
Overnight (16-18 hours)
9
What does sterilization mean?
Process of complete elimination or destruction of all forms of microbial life
10
What does disinfection mean?
Process of reduction of the number of microbes to prevent infections.
11
Which parameters influence the effectivity of the sterilization?
The number of the germs, the resistance of the germs, the concentration of the disinfectants, the presence of the organic materials, the initial time, the presence of the biofilm.
12
What are the parameters for hot air sterilization?
180°C for 1 hour, 160°C for 2 hours or 140°C for 3 hours.
13
Parameters of the autoclaving process?
+ 1 atm overpressure, 121°C, 20-30 minutes or 134°C, +2 atm overpressure 10 minutes.
14
List chemical agents used for gas sterilization!
Ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, beta-propiolactone
15
What is the theoretical background of plasma sterilization?
Hydrogen-peroxide in high electric field turns into plasma state. The produced free radicals will kill the microbes.
16
Biological method used for checking the effectivity of the sterilization.
By Bacillus/Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores. If the procedure was performed in correct way, the spores cannot be cultivated.
17
Detection of the presence of pyrogenic material in drugs?
LAL test; The blood of the horseshoe crab will coagulate in the presence of the LPS.
18
What are disinfectants?
Chemical agents used for the disinfection of inanimate/non-living surfaces.
19
List 2 disinfectant from the provided list!
Isopropanol, NaOH, hypochlorite, phenol, formalin, glutaraldehyde
20
What are the antiseptic agents?
Chemical agents used disinfection on animate (tissue, skin, mucous membrane) surfaces.
21
List 2 antiseptics from the provided list!
Ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, cationic detergent
22
What concentration of ethanol can be used for skin disinfection?
70%
23
What is the contact time of 70% ethanol used in skin disinfection?
Minimum of 1 minute
24
What concentration of hydrogen peroxide can be used for disinfection?
3%
25
What does serological reaction mean?
Reaction based on the antogen-antibody reaction performed in vitro.
26
What does agglutination mean?
Serological reaction in which binding of cellular sized antigens (RBCs or bacterium cell) and their specific antibodies results in clumping.
27
Give 2 examples for reactions based on agglutination (from the list)!
Slide agglutination, latex agglutination, tube agglutination
28
List 2 reactions based on tube agglutination!
Gruber-Widal reaction, Wright reaction, Weil-Felix reaction
29
Which infection can be diagnosed by Gruber-Widal reaction?
Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi
30
What are the bacterial cell surface antigens?
O: cell wall, H: flagella, K: capsule
31
What does antibody titre mean?
The highest dilution fold or the lowest antibody concentration where in vitro antigen-antibody reaction is still detectable.
32
What does precipitation mean?
Serological reactinon in which binding of dissolved antigens (enzyme, toxin or virus partcle) and their specific antibodies results in clumping.
33
What does iatrogenic infection mean?
Infection caused by medical staff during investigation or treatment.
34
What does nosocomial infection mean?
Infections acquired in a health-care facility, manifesting more than 48 hours after admission.
35
What are the contents of the vaccines?
Live attenuated microbe; killed/inactivated microbe, toxoid, mRNA, virus vector, subunit antigens of the microbe.
36
What does native examination of the microbe mean in microbiology?
The microbe is examined without killing it.
37
What kind of information can we got by light microscopically examination? (3 examples)
The size of the microbe, the shape of the microbe, the motility, the staining can be examined.
38
What are the solutions used in Gram-staining?
Sodium oxalate, crystal violet, Iodine solution, 96% of ethanol, fuchsine or safranin.
39
What devices are used for anaerobic cultivation?
Anaerostat, Gas-pack jar, high agar, anaerobic chamber.
40
Definitions: bacteriostatic, bactericide
bacteriostatic: inhibits bacterial growth bactericide: kills bacteria
41
Definition: selective toxicity
The antibiotic has an effect only on the bacteria, but not on the human host.
42
What are the risks of antibiotic therapy? (2 examples)
Allergic reaction, dysbacteriosis, induction of resistance, direct toxicity
43
Give 3 examples for specific antibiotic side effects (from the list)!
Tetracycline – teeth enamel damage, chloramphenicol – bone marrow damage, vancomycin – red man syndrome, streptomycin – hearing loss, rifampin - orange discoloration of bodily fluids, fluoroquinolones – tendon rupture
44
Chemotherapeutic index?
dosis tolerata maxima (DTM)/dosis curativa minima (DCM)
45
List the cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotic classes!
Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenem, Glycopeptide.
46
List the glycopeptide antibiotics!
vancomycin, teicoplanin
47
Which antibiotics alternate membrane function?
Polymyxines
48
List protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics! (3 example)
Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, Macrolide, Chloramphenicol, Linezolid
49
List nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors antibiotics! (2 examples)
Quinolones, rifampicin, sulphonamide, trimethoprim
50
List three possible ways of horizontal gene transfer!
conjugation (plasmid), transduction (bacteriophage), transformation (uptake of naked DNA from the environment
51
List the antibiotic resistance mechanism!
Enzymatic degradation or modification of the antibiotics, efflux pump, modification of the antibiotic binding site
52
What does MRSA mean?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
53
How is MRSA treated?
Eg. Vancomycin, 5th generation cephlosporin
54
What does ESBL mean?
Extended spectrum of beta lactamase enzyme
55
How are ESBL producing bacterial infections treated?
Eg. Carbapenem
56
How are carbapenemase producing bacteria treated?
Polymyxin
57
What does MIC mean?
Minimal bacteriostatic concentration of an antibiotic measured in µg/ml.
58
What does MBC mean?
Minimal bactericidal concentration of an antibiotic measured in µg/ml.
59
Define MBL, MACI and PACI!
MBL: metallo-beta-lactamase (carbapenemase) MACI: multi-resistant Acinetobacter PACI: pan-resistant Acinetobacter
60
Which 3 vaccines contain capsular polysaccharide of bacteria?
Hib (against Haemophilus influenzae type b) Prevenar / Pneumovax (against 13 / 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae) meningococcus vaccines against serotypes ACWY – but not B!
61
What type of immunity is induced by the BCG vaccine?
Cellular, therefore it can be given to newborns
62
What specimen is sent to the microbiology diagnostic laboratory in the case of typical pneumonia?
Sputum and blood culture
63
What tests are performed on the sputum and blood culture of a patient with typical pneumonia?
Culvation, Gram staining, biochemical reactions, serology for antigen detection, antibiotic sensitivity testing
64
What specimen is sent to the microbiology diagnostic laboratory in the case of atypical pneumonia?
Blood, urine, broncho-alveolar lavage.
65
What tests are performed on the specimens of a patient with atypical pneumonia?
Serology tests
66
Which bacterial infection can be treated by antitoxin? (2 examples)
Infections caused by bacterial exotoxins: tetanus, botulism, diphtheria