1
問題一覧
1
1. What are the chronic complications of diabetes?
Select one or more…
a. Retinopathy
b. Nephropathy
c. Idiopathic myelofibrosis
d. Ischemic heart disease
a, b, d
2
2. Which statements are true about LADA?
Select one or more…
a. Autoantibodies are never detectable
b. Its clinical presentation resembles type 2 diabetes
c. LADA patients will require insulin treatment during their lifetime
d. It occurs only in Asian people2.
b, c
3
3. What are the actions of insulin?
Select one or more…
a. It increases the glucose uptake in beta cells in the pancreas
b. It inhibits the production of ketone bodies in the liver
c. It increases the glycogen synthesis in muscle
d. It increases triglyceride synthesis in the adipose tissue
b, c, d
4
1. Heart failure may be caused by (Select one or more)
\
a) Orthostatic hypotension
b) Valvular heart disease
c) Increased salt intake
d) Alcoholism
b, c, d
5
2. Preload is determined by (Select one or more)
a) Lusitopy of the ventricles
b) Ventricular function
c) CVP (central venous pressure)
d) Blood volume
c, d
6
3. The normal value of CVP (Select one)
a) 4 mmhg
b) 7 mmhg
c) 11mmhg
d) 15mmhg
e) 20 mmhg
a
7
Immediate compensation
a) Sympathetic stimulation
b) Salt and water retention
c) Frank – Starling mechanism
d) Hypertrophy of the myocardium
a, c
8
True about cardiac hypertrophy
a) Cardiac hypertrophy is always abnormal
b) Hypertrophy is heart failure is harmful in the long run, because it increases the risk for sudden death
c) Hypertrophy in heart failure beneficial in the short run, because it increases contractility
d) Hypertrophy is not correlated with the risk for arrhythmias
b, c
9
Left sided HF
a) Distended neck veins
b) Fatigue
c) Nycturia
d) Pulmonary congestion
b, c, d
10
Which of the following physical findings may suggest heart failure? (Select one or more)
a) Edema
b) Distended neck veins
c) Crepitation at the base of the lungs
d) Hepatomegaly
a, b, c, d
11
Which treatments are used in chronic heart failure: (Select one or more)
a) Digitalis to increase contractility
b) Vasoconstrictors to increase BP
c) Diuretic therapy to induce fluid retention
d) ACE inhibitors to decrease aldosterone effect
a, d
12
Decomposition of heart failure may be caused by: (Select one or more)
a) Pulmonary embolism
b) Intercurrent infection
c) Increased dietary salt intake
d) Atrial fibrillation
a, b, c, d
13
10. Which complaints may suggest heart failure?
Select one or more:
a. nycturia
b. orthopnea
c. dyspnea
d. burning pain at the apex of the heart
a, b, c
14
11. It may be beneficial in heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. inhibitor of the If current
b. selective COX-2 inhibitor
c. aldosterone antagonist
d. sildenafil (Viagra)
a, c, d
15
Precipitating causes of heart failure include:
Select one or more:
a. Myocarditis
b. Arrhythmia
c. Drug effect
d. myocardial ischemia
b, c, d, a
16
Chronic heart failure may be caused by:
Select one or more:
a. hyperkalemia
b. hypertension
c. valvular heart disease
d. CHD
c, b, d
17
14. The duration of the action potential in myocytes is prolonged in heart failure, increasing the risk of dangerous
arrhythmias.
true
18
15. It is true about the therapy of heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. the use of diuretics is not necessary any more
b. digitalis improves symptoms
c. β blockers are contraindicated, because of their negative inotropic effect
d. ARBs improve survival
b, d
19
16. Increasing preload in a healthy subject results in:
Select one or more:
a. increased end diastolic pressure
b. increased duration of diastole
c. decreased stroke volume
d. increased end diastolic volum
a, d
20
17.Preload is determined by:
Select one or more:
a. TPR (total peripheral resistance)
b. total blood volume
c. ventricular function
d. venous return
b, d
21
18. Which therapy is known to improve survival of patients with chronic heart failure?
Select one or more:
a. ACE inhibitors
b. Digitalis
c. Diuretics
d. beta agonists
a
22
19. Select the right treatment - goal pairs in patients with heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. diuretics – to decrease afterload
b. β blocker – to decrease sympathetic activity
c. ACE inhibitor – to decrease the activity of RAAS
d. Digitalis - positive inotropic effect
b, c, d
23
The value of cardiac output in a healthy adult person:
Select one:
a. 2.5 l/min
b. 3 l/min
c. 4 l/min
d. 5 l/min
d
24
22. Cardiac output may be increased by:
Select one or more:
a. increasing cortisol secretion
b. the Frank-Starling mechanism
c. increasing the EF (ejection fraction)
d. shortening the duration of diastole
a, b, c
25
Which therapy improves survival in heart failure patients:
Select one or more:
a. ACE inhibitors
b. ARBs
c. ß blockers
d. any vasodilato
a, b, c
26
24. In the myocardium of patients with heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. phosphocreatine level is decreased
b. ATP level is decreased
c. the ratio of fatty acid oxidation is decreased
d. the ratio of glucose oxidation is decreased
a, b, c
27
25. The value of ejection fraction in a healthy person is:
Select one:
a. 35–55%
b. 55–75%
c. 75–95%
d. 95–100%
b
28
27. Hemodynamic defense reaction includes:
Select one or more:
a. vasodilation
b. hypertrophy of the myocardium
c. salt and water retention
d. cardiac stimulation
b, c, d
29
29. Right sided heart failure may cause:
Select one or more:
a. abdominal discomfort
b. pulmonary edema
c. distended neck veins
d. hydrothorax
a, c, d
30
30. Heart failure may be caused by:
Select one or more:
a. pulmonary embolism
b. Alcoholism
c. Myocarditis
d. hypertension
a, b, c, d
31
32. Stroke volume is influenced by:
a. sympathetic tone
b. digitalis effect
c. Preload
d. contractility of the ventricles
a, b, c, d
32
34. Heart failure results in:
Select one or more:
a. myocardial remodeling
b. appearance of fetal myosin isoforms
c. water retention
d. increased parasympathetic tone
a, b, c
33
Myosin, actin and titin isoforms characteristic of fetal life appear in patients with heart failure.
true
34
36. Decompensation of heart failure may be caused by:
Select one or more:
a. Arrhythmia
b. Infection
c. severe anemia
d. myocardial ischemia
a, b, c, d
35
37. Characteristic symptoms of right sided heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. Nycturia
b. Edema
c. Hepatomegaly
d. distended neck veins
b, c, d
36
38. Precipitating causes of heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. increased fat intake
b. fever
c. Hyperthyroidism
d. increased salt intake
b, c, d
37
Symptoms of left sided heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. dyspnea
b. pulmonary congestion
c. hepatomegaly
d. nycturia
a, b, d
38
42. Compensatory mechanisms in heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. Anemia
b. left ventricular hypertrophy
c. peripheral vasodilation
d. increased salt and water retention
b, d
39
40. Decompensation of heart failure may be caused by:
Select one or more:
a. pulmonary embolism
b. intercurrent infection
c. atrial fibrillation
d. increased dietary salt intake
a, b, c, d
40
Hypertension may cause the following:
Select one or more:
A. Chest pain
B. Dizziness
C. Positional vertigo, blurred vision
D. Fatigue
a, b, c, d
41
2. Which factors promote the proliferation of smooth muscle cells?
Select one or more:
A. NO
B. Prostacyclin
C. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
D. Endothelin
c, d
42
3. Which factors inhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells?
Select one or more:
A. Kinins (bradykinin and kallidin)
B. Prostacyclin
C. Angiotensin II
D. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
a, b
43
4. Which statements are true about the treatment of hypertension
Select one or more:
A. A combination of lifestyle changes and drug treatment may be necessary
B. A healthy a diet is recommended: low salt and fat content but rich in dietary fiber
C. Treating the secondary causes of hypertension is necessary
D. The therapeutic target value is 150/90 mmHg
a, b, c
44
What are the complications of hypertension?
Select one or more:
A. Stroke
B. Heart failure
C. Chronic renal failure
D. Peripheral vascular disease
a, b, c, d
45
6. What are the complications of hypertension?
Select one or more:
a. Retinopathy and blindness
b. Heart failure
c. Stroke
d. Polycystic renal disease
a, b, c
46
7. Which statements are true about growth factors:
Select one or more:
A. They increase the diameter of blood vessels
B. They promote the thickening of vessel walls
C. They increase the body height
D. They increase the blood flow
b
47
What percentage of hypertension results from a secondary cause?
Select one:
A. 80-90 %
B. 5-10%
C. 1-2%
D. 30-40%
b
48
Aldosterone function, effects:
Select one or more:
A. Regulation of potassium balance
B. Regulation of extracellular volume
C. Transformation of angiotensinogen produced by the liver to angiotensin I which will change to angiotensin II
in the lungs
D. Increases liquid intake by affecting thirst center in the hypothalamus
a, b
49
10. Hypertension is defined by the following parameters:
Select one:
A. Systolic value > 140 mmHg, diastolic value > 90 mmHg
B. Systolic value > 130 mmHg, diastolic value > 80 mmHg
C. Systolic value > 145 mmHg, diastolic value > 95 mmHg
D. Systolic value > 135 mmHg, diastolic value > 85 mmHg
a
50
11. Factors influencing mean arterial pressure (MAP):
Select one or more:
A. contractility
B. cardiac output
C. heart rate
D. total peripheral resistance
a, b, c, d
51
12. Factors/causes influencing essential hypertension:
Select one or more:
A. kidney disease
B. excessive alcohol consumption
up
C. high NaCl-intake
D. psychosocial stress
b, c, d
52
The recommended salt intake in hypertension is 10-12 g/day.
Select one:
A. True
B. False
b
53
15. What is the mechanism of hyperaldosteronism induced hypertension?
Select one:
d. I a. increased intracellular calcium levels in smooth muscle cells
b. increased sodium retention thereby increasing a intravascular volume
c. decreased potassium secretion in the kidney
d. increased plasma potassium levels
b
54
16. What is isolated systolic hypertension?
Select one:
a. systolic ≤120 mmHg, diastolic ≤70 mmHg
b. systolic ≤125 mmHg, diastolic ≤75 mmHgm
c. systolic ≤130 mmHg, diastolic ≤80 mmHg
d. systolic ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic <90 mmHg
d
55
What are the potential central nervous system disorders in
hypertension?
Select one or more:
a. Ruptured brain aneurysm
b. Huntington's disease
c. Parkinson's disease
d. Hemorrhagic stroke
a, d
56
Hypertension may lead to the following complications:
Select one or more:
a. glomerulopathy
b. retinal hemorrhage
c. cataract
d. left ventricular hypertrophy
a, b, d
57
Main effects of angiotensin II through AT1 receptors:
Select one or more:
a. vasoconstriction resulting in blood pressure increases
b. enhances renin production
c. decreases of aldosterone secretion
d. increases kidney blood flow
a
58
Essential hypertension accounts for 5% of all cases of hypertension
false
59
Which statements are true about growth factors?
Select one or more:
a. They increase the body height
b. They increase the blood flow
c. they promote the thickening of vessel walls
d. They increase the diameter of blood vessels
c
60
24. As a result of prolonged hypertension, which alterations affect the
vessel wall:
Select one or more:
a. increasing endothelial damage
b. decreasing vessel wall permeability
c. increasing vessel wall elasticity
d. increasing shear stress at blood flow
a, d
61
25. Which factors affect the blood pressure?
Select one or more:
a. heart rate
b. serum ALP activity
c. renal function
d. sympathetic nervous system activity
a, c, d
62
Which statements are false?
Select one or more:
a. The conversion of renin to angiotensin I is catalyzed by the ACE
b. angiotensin I is the only known substrate of renin
c. angiotensin II is a strong vasopressor: it induces arterial contraction
and increases the blood pressure
d. ACE inhibitors are antihypertensive drugs
a, b
63
29. Which factors play role in the pathogenesis of hypertension:
Select one or more:
a. physical inactivity
b. smoking
c. genetic factors
d. high salt intake
a, b, c, d
64
Atherosclerotic lesions may be visualized in the carotid artery by
ultrasound imaging
Select one:
A. True
B. False
true
65
Possible causes of secondary hypertension:
Select one or more:
a. primary hyperaldosteronism
b. increased salt intake
c. sleep apnea
d. Cushing’s syndrome
a, c, d
66
A third of patients with high blood pressure are overweight.
Select one:
A. True
B. False
false
67
Which is false of the following statements?
Select one or more:
a. LDL-receptors are located on the surfaces of liver and most other cells
b. Binding to LDL-receptors is regulated by apo B-100 and apo E
c. In man, approximately 70% of LDL is taken up in the liver and 30% in extrahepatic tissues
d. The main function of LDL is to transport the high energy content triglyceride
d
68
Apo B-48 is present in the following lipoproteins:
Select one or more:
a. LDL
b. CHY
c. VLDL
d. IDL
b
69
Characteristic symptoms of right-sided heart failure
1. hepatomegaly
2. edema
3. distended neck veins
4. dyspnea
1, 2, 3
70
Result of forward failure in left sided heart failure
1. fatigue, weakness
2. pulmonary congestion, dyspnea
3. orthopnea
4. hepatomegaly
1
71
May be a symptom of left heart failure
1. pulmonary edema
2. nycturia
3. weakness
4. peripheral edema
1, 2, 3
72
May be a symptom of left heart failure
1. hydrothorax
2. abdominal discomfort
3. increased blood content of the jugular/cervical veins
4. pulmonary edema44
4
73
17) Precipitating factors in heart failure
1. drug effect
2. myocarditis
3. arrhythmia
4. myocardial ischemia
1, 2, 3, 4
74
Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to thrombogenic theory?
Select one or more:
a. The uptake of modified LDL by macrophages
b. Micro-injuries of the vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation
c. Infiltration of LDL into the arterial wall
d. Changes of the TXA2/PGI2 ratio
b, d
75
Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to thrombogenic theory?
Select one or more:
a. Changes of the composition of extracellular matrix in vascular intima and media
b. Changes of the TXA2/PGI2 ratio
c. Hyaluronic acid content of intracellular matrix decreases
d. Micro-injuries of the vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation
b, d
76
Modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis:
Select one or more:
a. age
b. obesity
c. dyslipidemia
d. hypertension
b, c, d
77
Waist circumference for clinical diagnosis of metabolic syndrome:
Select one or more:
a. in women: 88 cm
b. in men: 105 cm
c. in women: 80 cm
d. in men: 102 cm
a, d
78
14. Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to mesenchymal
theory?
Select one or more:
a. Collagen fiber content is increased, while elastic fiber content is decreased in the intima and in the media
b. Micro-injuries of the vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation
c. The uptake of modified LDL by macrophages
d. Decrease of the heparin/heparane sulphate content of vessels
a, d
79
Which of the following pathogens play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis according to the
inflammation theory?
Select one or more:
a. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
b. HBV
c. Herpes simplex virus (HSV1, HSV2)
d. Chlamydia pneumoniae
a, c, d
80
Based on the mesenchymal theory, what will induce the changes of extracellular matrix component in the
vessels?
Select one or more:
a. Hyperlipidemia → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia
b. Hypertension → mechanical compression of vascular wall
c. Smoking - nicotine → potentiates catecholamine effect → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia
d. Stress → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia
b, c, d
81
Based on the mesenchymal theory, what will induce the changes of extracellular matrix component in the
vessels?
Select one or more:
a. Hypertension → mechanical compression of vascular wall
b. Caffeine → dilation of vasa vasorum → increased collagen synthesis
c. Hyperlipidemia → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia
d. Smoking - nicotine → decreased NO production → hypoxia
a, d
82
Which factors increase the risk of developing metabolic syndrome?
Select one or more:
a. polycystic ovarium syndrome
b. hyperthyroidism
c. smoking
d. age
a, c, d
83
18. Non-modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis:
Select one or more:
a. family history
b. gender
c. Caucasian race
d. age
a, b, d
84
Which of the following pathogens play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis according to the
inflammation theory?
Select one or more:
a. Helicobacter pylori
b. Chlamydia pneumoniae
c. HCV
d. HBV
e. CMV
a, b, e
85
21. Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to the aging theory?
Select one or more:
a. The changed composition of EC matrix potentiates platelets adhesion and aggregation
b. The uptake of modified LDL by macrophages
c. Micro-injuries on vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation
d. The component of connective tissue of vessels and other tissues change by aging
d
86
22. Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to the aging theory:
Select one or more:
a. The component of connective tissue of vessels and other tissues change by aging
b. The endothelial endothelin production is decreased by aging
c. Micro-injuries on vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation
d. The endothelial NO production is decreased by aging
a, d
87
Extreme obesity BMI over
40
88
Malnutrition BMI under
18.5
89
Preobesity BMI between () and ()
25 29.9
90
Obesity grade1 between() and ()
30 34.9
91
Obesity grade2 between () and ()
35 39.9
92
Anerage BMI
18.5 24.9
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1
1. What are the chronic complications of diabetes?
Select one or more…
a. Retinopathy
b. Nephropathy
c. Idiopathic myelofibrosis
d. Ischemic heart disease
a, b, d
2
2. Which statements are true about LADA?
Select one or more…
a. Autoantibodies are never detectable
b. Its clinical presentation resembles type 2 diabetes
c. LADA patients will require insulin treatment during their lifetime
d. It occurs only in Asian people2.
b, c
3
3. What are the actions of insulin?
Select one or more…
a. It increases the glucose uptake in beta cells in the pancreas
b. It inhibits the production of ketone bodies in the liver
c. It increases the glycogen synthesis in muscle
d. It increases triglyceride synthesis in the adipose tissue
b, c, d
4
1. Heart failure may be caused by (Select one or more)
\
a) Orthostatic hypotension
b) Valvular heart disease
c) Increased salt intake
d) Alcoholism
b, c, d
5
2. Preload is determined by (Select one or more)
a) Lusitopy of the ventricles
b) Ventricular function
c) CVP (central venous pressure)
d) Blood volume
c, d
6
3. The normal value of CVP (Select one)
a) 4 mmhg
b) 7 mmhg
c) 11mmhg
d) 15mmhg
e) 20 mmhg
a
7
Immediate compensation
a) Sympathetic stimulation
b) Salt and water retention
c) Frank – Starling mechanism
d) Hypertrophy of the myocardium
a, c
8
True about cardiac hypertrophy
a) Cardiac hypertrophy is always abnormal
b) Hypertrophy is heart failure is harmful in the long run, because it increases the risk for sudden death
c) Hypertrophy in heart failure beneficial in the short run, because it increases contractility
d) Hypertrophy is not correlated with the risk for arrhythmias
b, c
9
Left sided HF
a) Distended neck veins
b) Fatigue
c) Nycturia
d) Pulmonary congestion
b, c, d
10
Which of the following physical findings may suggest heart failure? (Select one or more)
a) Edema
b) Distended neck veins
c) Crepitation at the base of the lungs
d) Hepatomegaly
a, b, c, d
11
Which treatments are used in chronic heart failure: (Select one or more)
a) Digitalis to increase contractility
b) Vasoconstrictors to increase BP
c) Diuretic therapy to induce fluid retention
d) ACE inhibitors to decrease aldosterone effect
a, d
12
Decomposition of heart failure may be caused by: (Select one or more)
a) Pulmonary embolism
b) Intercurrent infection
c) Increased dietary salt intake
d) Atrial fibrillation
a, b, c, d
13
10. Which complaints may suggest heart failure?
Select one or more:
a. nycturia
b. orthopnea
c. dyspnea
d. burning pain at the apex of the heart
a, b, c
14
11. It may be beneficial in heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. inhibitor of the If current
b. selective COX-2 inhibitor
c. aldosterone antagonist
d. sildenafil (Viagra)
a, c, d
15
Precipitating causes of heart failure include:
Select one or more:
a. Myocarditis
b. Arrhythmia
c. Drug effect
d. myocardial ischemia
b, c, d, a
16
Chronic heart failure may be caused by:
Select one or more:
a. hyperkalemia
b. hypertension
c. valvular heart disease
d. CHD
c, b, d
17
14. The duration of the action potential in myocytes is prolonged in heart failure, increasing the risk of dangerous
arrhythmias.
true
18
15. It is true about the therapy of heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. the use of diuretics is not necessary any more
b. digitalis improves symptoms
c. β blockers are contraindicated, because of their negative inotropic effect
d. ARBs improve survival
b, d
19
16. Increasing preload in a healthy subject results in:
Select one or more:
a. increased end diastolic pressure
b. increased duration of diastole
c. decreased stroke volume
d. increased end diastolic volum
a, d
20
17.Preload is determined by:
Select one or more:
a. TPR (total peripheral resistance)
b. total blood volume
c. ventricular function
d. venous return
b, d
21
18. Which therapy is known to improve survival of patients with chronic heart failure?
Select one or more:
a. ACE inhibitors
b. Digitalis
c. Diuretics
d. beta agonists
a
22
19. Select the right treatment - goal pairs in patients with heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. diuretics – to decrease afterload
b. β blocker – to decrease sympathetic activity
c. ACE inhibitor – to decrease the activity of RAAS
d. Digitalis - positive inotropic effect
b, c, d
23
The value of cardiac output in a healthy adult person:
Select one:
a. 2.5 l/min
b. 3 l/min
c. 4 l/min
d. 5 l/min
d
24
22. Cardiac output may be increased by:
Select one or more:
a. increasing cortisol secretion
b. the Frank-Starling mechanism
c. increasing the EF (ejection fraction)
d. shortening the duration of diastole
a, b, c
25
Which therapy improves survival in heart failure patients:
Select one or more:
a. ACE inhibitors
b. ARBs
c. ß blockers
d. any vasodilato
a, b, c
26
24. In the myocardium of patients with heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. phosphocreatine level is decreased
b. ATP level is decreased
c. the ratio of fatty acid oxidation is decreased
d. the ratio of glucose oxidation is decreased
a, b, c
27
25. The value of ejection fraction in a healthy person is:
Select one:
a. 35–55%
b. 55–75%
c. 75–95%
d. 95–100%
b
28
27. Hemodynamic defense reaction includes:
Select one or more:
a. vasodilation
b. hypertrophy of the myocardium
c. salt and water retention
d. cardiac stimulation
b, c, d
29
29. Right sided heart failure may cause:
Select one or more:
a. abdominal discomfort
b. pulmonary edema
c. distended neck veins
d. hydrothorax
a, c, d
30
30. Heart failure may be caused by:
Select one or more:
a. pulmonary embolism
b. Alcoholism
c. Myocarditis
d. hypertension
a, b, c, d
31
32. Stroke volume is influenced by:
a. sympathetic tone
b. digitalis effect
c. Preload
d. contractility of the ventricles
a, b, c, d
32
34. Heart failure results in:
Select one or more:
a. myocardial remodeling
b. appearance of fetal myosin isoforms
c. water retention
d. increased parasympathetic tone
a, b, c
33
Myosin, actin and titin isoforms characteristic of fetal life appear in patients with heart failure.
true
34
36. Decompensation of heart failure may be caused by:
Select one or more:
a. Arrhythmia
b. Infection
c. severe anemia
d. myocardial ischemia
a, b, c, d
35
37. Characteristic symptoms of right sided heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. Nycturia
b. Edema
c. Hepatomegaly
d. distended neck veins
b, c, d
36
38. Precipitating causes of heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. increased fat intake
b. fever
c. Hyperthyroidism
d. increased salt intake
b, c, d
37
Symptoms of left sided heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. dyspnea
b. pulmonary congestion
c. hepatomegaly
d. nycturia
a, b, d
38
42. Compensatory mechanisms in heart failure:
Select one or more:
a. Anemia
b. left ventricular hypertrophy
c. peripheral vasodilation
d. increased salt and water retention
b, d
39
40. Decompensation of heart failure may be caused by:
Select one or more:
a. pulmonary embolism
b. intercurrent infection
c. atrial fibrillation
d. increased dietary salt intake
a, b, c, d
40
Hypertension may cause the following:
Select one or more:
A. Chest pain
B. Dizziness
C. Positional vertigo, blurred vision
D. Fatigue
a, b, c, d
41
2. Which factors promote the proliferation of smooth muscle cells?
Select one or more:
A. NO
B. Prostacyclin
C. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
D. Endothelin
c, d
42
3. Which factors inhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells?
Select one or more:
A. Kinins (bradykinin and kallidin)
B. Prostacyclin
C. Angiotensin II
D. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
a, b
43
4. Which statements are true about the treatment of hypertension
Select one or more:
A. A combination of lifestyle changes and drug treatment may be necessary
B. A healthy a diet is recommended: low salt and fat content but rich in dietary fiber
C. Treating the secondary causes of hypertension is necessary
D. The therapeutic target value is 150/90 mmHg
a, b, c
44
What are the complications of hypertension?
Select one or more:
A. Stroke
B. Heart failure
C. Chronic renal failure
D. Peripheral vascular disease
a, b, c, d
45
6. What are the complications of hypertension?
Select one or more:
a. Retinopathy and blindness
b. Heart failure
c. Stroke
d. Polycystic renal disease
a, b, c
46
7. Which statements are true about growth factors:
Select one or more:
A. They increase the diameter of blood vessels
B. They promote the thickening of vessel walls
C. They increase the body height
D. They increase the blood flow
b
47
What percentage of hypertension results from a secondary cause?
Select one:
A. 80-90 %
B. 5-10%
C. 1-2%
D. 30-40%
b
48
Aldosterone function, effects:
Select one or more:
A. Regulation of potassium balance
B. Regulation of extracellular volume
C. Transformation of angiotensinogen produced by the liver to angiotensin I which will change to angiotensin II
in the lungs
D. Increases liquid intake by affecting thirst center in the hypothalamus
a, b
49
10. Hypertension is defined by the following parameters:
Select one:
A. Systolic value > 140 mmHg, diastolic value > 90 mmHg
B. Systolic value > 130 mmHg, diastolic value > 80 mmHg
C. Systolic value > 145 mmHg, diastolic value > 95 mmHg
D. Systolic value > 135 mmHg, diastolic value > 85 mmHg
a
50
11. Factors influencing mean arterial pressure (MAP):
Select one or more:
A. contractility
B. cardiac output
C. heart rate
D. total peripheral resistance
a, b, c, d
51
12. Factors/causes influencing essential hypertension:
Select one or more:
A. kidney disease
B. excessive alcohol consumption
up
C. high NaCl-intake
D. psychosocial stress
b, c, d
52
The recommended salt intake in hypertension is 10-12 g/day.
Select one:
A. True
B. False
b
53
15. What is the mechanism of hyperaldosteronism induced hypertension?
Select one:
d. I a. increased intracellular calcium levels in smooth muscle cells
b. increased sodium retention thereby increasing a intravascular volume
c. decreased potassium secretion in the kidney
d. increased plasma potassium levels
b
54
16. What is isolated systolic hypertension?
Select one:
a. systolic ≤120 mmHg, diastolic ≤70 mmHg
b. systolic ≤125 mmHg, diastolic ≤75 mmHgm
c. systolic ≤130 mmHg, diastolic ≤80 mmHg
d. systolic ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic <90 mmHg
d
55
What are the potential central nervous system disorders in
hypertension?
Select one or more:
a. Ruptured brain aneurysm
b. Huntington's disease
c. Parkinson's disease
d. Hemorrhagic stroke
a, d
56
Hypertension may lead to the following complications:
Select one or more:
a. glomerulopathy
b. retinal hemorrhage
c. cataract
d. left ventricular hypertrophy
a, b, d
57
Main effects of angiotensin II through AT1 receptors:
Select one or more:
a. vasoconstriction resulting in blood pressure increases
b. enhances renin production
c. decreases of aldosterone secretion
d. increases kidney blood flow
a
58
Essential hypertension accounts for 5% of all cases of hypertension
false
59
Which statements are true about growth factors?
Select one or more:
a. They increase the body height
b. They increase the blood flow
c. they promote the thickening of vessel walls
d. They increase the diameter of blood vessels
c
60
24. As a result of prolonged hypertension, which alterations affect the
vessel wall:
Select one or more:
a. increasing endothelial damage
b. decreasing vessel wall permeability
c. increasing vessel wall elasticity
d. increasing shear stress at blood flow
a, d
61
25. Which factors affect the blood pressure?
Select one or more:
a. heart rate
b. serum ALP activity
c. renal function
d. sympathetic nervous system activity
a, c, d
62
Which statements are false?
Select one or more:
a. The conversion of renin to angiotensin I is catalyzed by the ACE
b. angiotensin I is the only known substrate of renin
c. angiotensin II is a strong vasopressor: it induces arterial contraction
and increases the blood pressure
d. ACE inhibitors are antihypertensive drugs
a, b
63
29. Which factors play role in the pathogenesis of hypertension:
Select one or more:
a. physical inactivity
b. smoking
c. genetic factors
d. high salt intake
a, b, c, d
64
Atherosclerotic lesions may be visualized in the carotid artery by
ultrasound imaging
Select one:
A. True
B. False
true
65
Possible causes of secondary hypertension:
Select one or more:
a. primary hyperaldosteronism
b. increased salt intake
c. sleep apnea
d. Cushing’s syndrome
a, c, d
66
A third of patients with high blood pressure are overweight.
Select one:
A. True
B. False
false
67
Which is false of the following statements?
Select one or more:
a. LDL-receptors are located on the surfaces of liver and most other cells
b. Binding to LDL-receptors is regulated by apo B-100 and apo E
c. In man, approximately 70% of LDL is taken up in the liver and 30% in extrahepatic tissues
d. The main function of LDL is to transport the high energy content triglyceride
d
68
Apo B-48 is present in the following lipoproteins:
Select one or more:
a. LDL
b. CHY
c. VLDL
d. IDL
b
69
Characteristic symptoms of right-sided heart failure
1. hepatomegaly
2. edema
3. distended neck veins
4. dyspnea
1, 2, 3
70
Result of forward failure in left sided heart failure
1. fatigue, weakness
2. pulmonary congestion, dyspnea
3. orthopnea
4. hepatomegaly
1
71
May be a symptom of left heart failure
1. pulmonary edema
2. nycturia
3. weakness
4. peripheral edema
1, 2, 3
72
May be a symptom of left heart failure
1. hydrothorax
2. abdominal discomfort
3. increased blood content of the jugular/cervical veins
4. pulmonary edema44
4
73
17) Precipitating factors in heart failure
1. drug effect
2. myocarditis
3. arrhythmia
4. myocardial ischemia
1, 2, 3, 4
74
Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to thrombogenic theory?
Select one or more:
a. The uptake of modified LDL by macrophages
b. Micro-injuries of the vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation
c. Infiltration of LDL into the arterial wall
d. Changes of the TXA2/PGI2 ratio
b, d
75
Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to thrombogenic theory?
Select one or more:
a. Changes of the composition of extracellular matrix in vascular intima and media
b. Changes of the TXA2/PGI2 ratio
c. Hyaluronic acid content of intracellular matrix decreases
d. Micro-injuries of the vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation
b, d
76
Modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis:
Select one or more:
a. age
b. obesity
c. dyslipidemia
d. hypertension
b, c, d
77
Waist circumference for clinical diagnosis of metabolic syndrome:
Select one or more:
a. in women: 88 cm
b. in men: 105 cm
c. in women: 80 cm
d. in men: 102 cm
a, d
78
14. Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to mesenchymal
theory?
Select one or more:
a. Collagen fiber content is increased, while elastic fiber content is decreased in the intima and in the media
b. Micro-injuries of the vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation
c. The uptake of modified LDL by macrophages
d. Decrease of the heparin/heparane sulphate content of vessels
a, d
79
Which of the following pathogens play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis according to the
inflammation theory?
Select one or more:
a. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
b. HBV
c. Herpes simplex virus (HSV1, HSV2)
d. Chlamydia pneumoniae
a, c, d
80
Based on the mesenchymal theory, what will induce the changes of extracellular matrix component in the
vessels?
Select one or more:
a. Hyperlipidemia → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia
b. Hypertension → mechanical compression of vascular wall
c. Smoking - nicotine → potentiates catecholamine effect → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia
d. Stress → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia
b, c, d
81
Based on the mesenchymal theory, what will induce the changes of extracellular matrix component in the
vessels?
Select one or more:
a. Hypertension → mechanical compression of vascular wall
b. Caffeine → dilation of vasa vasorum → increased collagen synthesis
c. Hyperlipidemia → spasm of vasa vasorum → hypoxia
d. Smoking - nicotine → decreased NO production → hypoxia
a, d
82
Which factors increase the risk of developing metabolic syndrome?
Select one or more:
a. polycystic ovarium syndrome
b. hyperthyroidism
c. smoking
d. age
a, c, d
83
18. Non-modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis:
Select one or more:
a. family history
b. gender
c. Caucasian race
d. age
a, b, d
84
Which of the following pathogens play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis according to the
inflammation theory?
Select one or more:
a. Helicobacter pylori
b. Chlamydia pneumoniae
c. HCV
d. HBV
e. CMV
a, b, e
85
21. Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to the aging theory?
Select one or more:
a. The changed composition of EC matrix potentiates platelets adhesion and aggregation
b. The uptake of modified LDL by macrophages
c. Micro-injuries on vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation
d. The component of connective tissue of vessels and other tissues change by aging
d
86
22. Which of the following factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis according to the aging theory:
Select one or more:
a. The component of connective tissue of vessels and other tissues change by aging
b. The endothelial endothelin production is decreased by aging
c. Micro-injuries on vascular intima promote platelet adhesion and aggregation
d. The endothelial NO production is decreased by aging
a, d
87
Extreme obesity BMI over
40
88
Malnutrition BMI under
18.5
89
Preobesity BMI between () and ()
25 29.9
90
Obesity grade1 between() and ()
30 34.9
91
Obesity grade2 between () and ()
35 39.9
92
Anerage BMI
18.5 24.9