theories of crime causation

43問 • 1年前

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maintains that the society is composed of different group organizations, the societies consist of a group of people having criminalistics and anti-criminalistics tradition and that criminal behavior is learned and not inherited.

Differential association theory

DAT advocated by

edwin h sutherland

anomie theory advocated by

emile dukrheim

Breakdown of social orders as results of loss of standards and values that replaced social cohesion. refers to the breakdown of norms The idea of anomie is that the person chooses criminal activity because the individual believes that there is no reason not to

anomie theory

defined as the tension between social expectations and aspirations and the socially acceptable ways of accomplishing those expectations and goals.

strain theory

strain theory advocated by

robert merton

States that various strains or pressures increase the chance of criminal activity. These tensions result in unpleasant emotions such as frustration and anger, among other things.

strain theory

General Strain Theory Developed by

robert agnew

refers to "relationships in which others are not treating the individual as he or she would like to be treated"

general strain theory

states that deviant behavior is caused by weak or broken bonds with the society the bonds that are formed with prosocial people, prosocial institutions, and prosocial values bonds that discourage deviant behavior

social bond theory

Components of Social Bonds:

Beliefs Involvement Attachment commitment

this is a bond which an individual establishes with the members or groups in the society (peers, family, school, church, organization, etc.). Poor relationship with these groups is instrumental to crime

attachment

this bond refers to the value or importance of the relationship which a person protects. People conform with the norms of the society so as not to look bad in front of peers, family, neighbors, or organizations whom he is a member of

commitment

this bond requires the person to engage in pro social activities which in turn, diminishes his chances from committing a crime. This is because a person who is engaging in productive activities is technically not spending his or her time in anti-social matters

involvement

refers to the degree of trust or faith with the validity of the laws and regulations of the society. Thus, the more a person has belief in the value of the law, the less likely for him to engage in crimes.

beliefs

contends that a series of external social factors and internal qualities effectively insulate certain individuals from criminal involvement even when ecological variables induce others to engage in crime. Its states that pushes and pulls are buffered by inner and outer containments Inner containment includes self-concept, goal orientation, frustration tolerance, and norm commitment and retention (ie, elements within the individual's self). The outer commitment includes the social environment in which the individual resides and reflects socialization within the community (ie, elements outside one's self)

containment theory

containment theory advocated by

walter reckless

The theory further states that individuals with weak social bonds will form other bonds with other delinquents who share the same poor values.

interactional theory

interactional theory by

thornberry and khron

States that crime can be prevented not by altering the criminal's disposition but rather altering the situation that causes him to commit crimes. For example, a thief who has the inclination to steal may be deprived of an opportunity if a police officer is visible within his range.

situational crime prevention theory

situational crimw prevention theory Developed by

ron clarke

This theory asserts that if legal penalties are certain, swift, and severe, people will be deterred from committing crime.

deterrence theory

refers to the perception or occurrence where the general public is discouraged from committing the same crime after seeing someone being punished. For example knowing a criminal being executed with death penalty through lethal injection, reduces the general public's motivation in committing crime.

general deterrence

is refers to the idea of discouraging the criminal from committing further crimes after receiving the punishment. For instance, a thief who had been in prison for years, may no commit the same

specific detrrence

the intensity of legal punishment

severity

the assurance that punishment is imposed to those who commit crime.

certainty

the promptness of legal punishment

celerity or swiftness

believes that "the probability that persons will engage in criminal and deviant behavior is increased and the probability of their conforming to the norm is decreased when they differentially associate with others who commit criminal behavior and espouse definitions favorable to it. To simply put, one may engage in crime because of his or her association with the one who engages with the same.

social learning theory

this refers to the process whereby a person is exposed to what is called "normative definitions" which a person may view as favorable or unfavorable to legal or illegal behaviors

DAT

Components of Differential Association

interactional normative

refers to the direct process of association with others engaging in certain behaviors. This also includes the indirect association with other distant groups.

interactional

this refers to the various values and norms which a person is exposed to in his association with a certain individual or group.

normative

his refers to a person's meanings or interpretations towards a certain behavior.

definition

Components of Definitions

general specific

refers to the individual's process of weighing and anticipating the possible outcomes of his or her actions. With this behaviors are determined by foreseeing possible rewards or punishments.

differential reinforcement

Components of Differential Reinforcement

positive reinforcement negative reinforcement

refers to those positive outcomes or pleasing reactions a person obtained from his or her performance of the act. Example, foreseeing the huge amount of money which one can have in the execution of bank robbery, may positively reinforce the individual to commit the same. Positive reinforcement can also be in the form of appreciation, awards, attract attention, increased social status and other pleasurable feelings

positive reinforcement

refers to those which remove the negative consequences if the act is performed. Example, oppose the teenager has been called by names such as, weird, cowardly. childish, or old fashioned, when he or she refuses to drink alcohol or use marijuana. If the experience occurs in considerable repetitions, eventually, he or she will be into alcohol and marijuana, after which his circle of friends stopped from calling him or her with negative names. With this, the teenager's alcohol and marijuana use is negatively reinforced.

negative reinforcement

refers to the process of adopting a behavior seen or observed from others, especially from those who are close to the person. behaviors are mirrored from a model or group of models.

imitation

This theory postulates that how a person behaves is dependent on how society labels him.

labeling theory

That is, exposure to certain situations may influence a person to commit crime and alteration of individual's exposure may alter crime involvement.

routine activity theory

refers to the recurrent and prevalent activities which provide for basic population and individual needs, formalized work, as well as the provision of standard food, shelter, sexual outlet, leisure, social interaction learning and child-bearing.

routine activity

Elements of Crime According to Routine Activity Theory

motivated offender suitable target absence of capable guardian

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