A branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.

 It is that field of criminal justice administration which utilizes the body of knowledge and practices of the government and the society in general involving the process of handling individuals who have been convicted of offenses for purposes of crime prevention and control.

deals with jails, prisons, and colonies where a convict is going to serve his sentence.

Classification of Correction

Refers to the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him or her from repeating his deviant or delinquent actions without the necessity of taking positive actions but rather the introduction of individual measures of reformation.

The study and practice of a systematic management of jails or prisons and other institutions concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.

Correction as one of the pillars of the criminal justice system is considered as the ____________.

Correction is the _____ _______of the criminal justice system

The study of punishment for crime or of criminal offenders. It includes the study of control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders.

The term penology is derived from the Latin word “POENA” which means _______ ________.

Penology is otherwise known as _____ ______.

is actually a division of criminology that deals with prison management and the treatment of offenders and concerned itself with the philosophy and practice of society in its effort to repress criminal activities.

It maintains the “doctrine of psychological determinism” or “free will”, that the individual calculates pleasures and pains in advance of action and regulates his conduct by the result of his calculations.

It maintained that while the classical doctrine is correct in general but it should be modified in certain details. Since children and lunatics cannot calculate the differences of pleasures from pain, they should not be regarded as criminals, hence they should be free from punishment.

this school denied the individual responsibility and reflected non-punitive reactions to crime and criminality. It adheres that crimes, as any other act, is natural phenomenon. Criminals are considered sick individuals who need to be treated rather than punitive action against them.

Refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of confinement as in jails or prisons.

is the machinery of any government in the control and prevention of crimes and criminality.

The pillar takes over once the accused, after having been found guilty, is meted out the penalty for the crime he committed.

Principal Aims of Penology:

deals with service of sentence of a convict outside an institution.

Non-institutional Correction is also known as a ______________________.

has offered the most adequate basic concepts which sharply define, in concise and inconsistent terminology.

Oldest Code known to man institutes fines of monetary compensation for bodily damage, as opposed to the later lextaliolis

a Sumerian code which forbid accepting money or objects from the hands of a slave or making loans

The Sumerian law which chronicles the rights of citizens, marriages, successions, property rights and penalties.

king Hammurabi of Babylon about 1990 B.C wrote this code, credited as the oldest code prescribing savage punishment, based on the principle of Retaliation or “lextaliones"

means an eye for an eye and tooth for a tooth

Emperor Justinian of Rome wrote his code of law, an effort to match a desirable amount of punishment to all possible crimes.

represented the earliest codification of Roman law incorporated into the Justinian code.

a harsh code that provides the same punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it incorporate primitive concepts

This law repealed Draco’s laws and allowed capital punishment only for a limited number of serious offenses, such as murder or military or political offenses against the state.

is a biblical term first found in the Book of Joshua 8:31-32 where Joshua writes the words of “_____________” on the altar at Mount Ebal.

were advocated by Christian Philosophers who recognizes the need for justicde. Some of the proponents these laws were St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquines.

THREE LAWS DISTINGUISHED ON SECULAR LAW

It is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of society that usually involved pain and suffering.

the punishment should be provided by the state whose sanction is violated, to afford the society or the individual the opportunity of imposing upon the offender suitable punishment as might be enforced. Offenders should be punished because they deserve it.

punishment in the form of group vengeance where the purpose is to appease the offended public or group.

punishment gives lesson to offender by showing to others what would happen to them if they violate the law. Punishment is imposed to warn potential offenders that they can afford to do what the offender has done.

the public is protected if the offender has been held in conditions where he can not harm others especially the public. Punishment is effected by placing offenders in prison so that society is ensured from further criminal depredations of criminals.

it is the establishment of the usefulness and responsibility of the offender.

Is death by means of burning at stake, beheading, broken on the wheel, garroting and other forms of medieval executions, crucifixion, stoning, etc.

are those physical torture by means of mutilation, whipping or flogging, stocks, furca, stoning, branding.

 a prisoner in a standing position with the head and hands locked in place. Both devices exposed the prisoner to public scorn. And while confined in place, prisoners were frequently pelted with eggs and rotten fruit.

traditional form of whip consisting if nine knotted cords fastened to a wooden handle.

is the cruel form of whip their knot was made of leather strips fitted with fish hook.

The early punishment were considered synonymous with slavery, those punished even had their ``heads shaved’’ indicating the mark of the slave.

The offender was scarred with a hot iron on the flesh part of the hand or on the cheek. A murderer would be branded with the letter 'M', vagrants with the letter 'V' and with the letter 'S' for slave.

is the sending or putting away of an offender.

putting the offender in prison for the purpose of protecting the public against criminal activities and at the same time rehabilitating the prisoners by requiring them to undergo institutional treatment programs.

a conditional release of a prisoner after serving part of his/her sentence in prison for the purpose of gradually re-introducing him/her to free life under the guidance and supervision of a _____ officer.

a disposition whereby defendant after conviction of an offense, the penalty of which does not exceed six years imprisonment, is released subject to the conditions imposed by r\the releasing court and under the supervision of a _______ officer.

an amount given as a compensation for a criminal act.

the penalty of banishing a person from the place where he committed a crime, prohibiting him to get near a center the 25- kilometer perimeter.

He is also responsible for the abolition of death penalty and torture as a form of punishment.

He believe that harsh punishment would undermine morality and that appealing to moral sentiments as a better means of preventing crime.

He believes that fear of shame was a deterrent to crime

He wrote an easy entitled “an Essay on crimes and Punishment,” the most exiting essay on law during this century. It presented the humanistic goal of law.

He believes that whatever punishment designed to negate whatever pleasure or gain the criminal derives from crime; the crime rate would go down.

who devoted his life and fortune to prison reform. After his finding on English prisons, he recommended the following:

A follower of Bentham, was an able lawyer and the most effective leader in direct and persistent agitation for reform of the English criminal code.

Was the Leader in the English legislature for reform of the criminal code, pushing through programs devised by Bentham, Romily, and others.

He established the Irish constabulary

He is the Superintendent of the penal colony at NORFOLK ISLAND in Australia (1840) who introduced the “Mark System” to substitute for corporal punishment.

FATHER OF PAROLE

He is the Director of the Irish Prison in 1854 who introduced the Irish System that was modified from the Maconochie’s mark system

The Director of the Elmira Reformatory in New Yor

considered as the best reform institution for young offenders today.

Director of the English Prison who opened the Borstal Institution for young offenders.

Established an agricultural colony for delinquent boys in 1839 providing housefathers as in charge of these boys.

the only early Roman place of confinement which is built under the main sewer of Rome in 64 B.C

The most popular workhouse was the BRIDEWELLWORKHOUSE (1557) in London which was built for the employment of English prisoners.

Originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia. It was converted into a state prison and became the first American Penitentiary.

the most notorious prison in the world in terms of the harshness of its regime and position

the prison is located in an island in San Francisco Bay. It was built for the military in the 1850’s and used by them, as a fort and a prison until 1933 when it passed to the department of Justice and became a civil prison until it was closed in 1963.

Jeremy Bentham was founder of the British Utilitarianism movement which suggested that laws should be evaluated to ensure that they are ethical and useful.