LADMER

50問 • 1年前

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The study of the chemical and physical properties of drugs, their components, and their activities in living organisms.

Biopharmaceuticals.

The science that examines the interrelationship of the physicochemical properties of the drug, the dosage form in which the drug is given, and the route of administration on the rate and extent of systemic drug absorption.

Biopharmaceuticals

measurement of the rate and extent of systemic absorption of therapeutically active drug

Bioavailability

The study of the time course of drug movement in the body during absorption, distribution, and elimination.

Pharmacokinetics.

The study of the relationships between drug dosage regimens and concentration–time profiles

Clinical pharmacokinetics.

Application of pharmacokinetic methods to drug therapy.

Clinical pharmacokinetics

volume of fluid completely cleared of drug per unit time

Clearance.

distributed to produce the measured concentration

Volume of distribution

time taken for 50% of the drug to be eliminated

Elimination half life

Study of pharmacokinetics differences of drugs in various population

Population pharmacokinetics

Employed for very potent drug to optimize efficacy and to prevent any adverse toxicity

Therapeutic drug monitoring.

Provides pharmacokinetic and drug analysis services for safe drug monitoring

Clinical pharmacokinetics service.

Development of biologic sampling techniques, analytical methods for the measurement of drugs and metabolites and procedure that facilitates data collection and manipulation

Expirinental pharmacokinetics.

Development of pharmacokinetics models that predict drug disposition after administration

Theoretical pharmacokinetics.

involves human subjects/ laboratory animals

In VIVO

employs test apparatus and equipment without involving human subjects/ laboratory animals

in VITRO

hypothesis using mathematical terms to describe quantitative relationship concisely.

Model

The study of the relation of the drug concentration or amount at the site of action and its pharmacologic response

Pharmacodynamic

The study of the adverse effects of drugs and toxic substances in the body

Clinical toxicology.

description of drug distribution and elimination

Drug disposition

refers to the dose and various measure of acute or integrated drug concentrations in plasma and other biological fluid

Drug exposure.

refers to the direct measure of the pharmacologic effect of the drug

Drug response.

The rate at which the solid drug enters into solution is often the rate limiting step in bioavailability.

Drug dissolution.

What equation describes the diffusion controlled rate of drug dissolution

Noyes-Whitney equation

in a saturated solution is a static (equilibrium) property. The dissolution rate of a drug is a dynamic property related to the rate of absorption.

Drug solubility

The partition coefficient of a drug is the ratio of the solubility of the drug, at equilibrium, in a non-aqueous solvent

Partition coefficient

Drugs that are weak electrolytes (acids or bases) exist in both an ionized form and a nonionized form in solution

Extent of ionization

The extent of ionization depends on the pKa of the weak electrolyte and the pH of the solution (£T/F)

True

This equation describes the relation between the ionized and the nonionized forms of a drug as a function of pH and pKa

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

The choice of salt form for a drug depends on the desired physical , chemical , or pharmacologic properties.

Salt formation.

the ability of a drug to exist in more than one crystalline form Amorphous, or noncrystalline, forms of a drug have faster dissolution rates than do crystalline forms.

Polymorphism.

The ability of a drug to exist as optically active stereoisomers or enantiomers

Chirality

Individual enantiomers may not have the same pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity.

Chirality.

Drugs may exist in a hydrated, or solvated, form or as an anhydrous molecule Dissolution rates differ for hydrated and anhydrous forms.

Hydrates

Decrease water solubility

Hydrates

formed by the reversible or irreversible association of two or more interacting molecules or ions.

Complex formation.

are complexes that typically involve a ring-like structure formed by the interaction between a partial ring of atoms and a metal Ex. hemoglobin, insulin, cyanocobalamin

Chelates

Complex formation usually alters the physical and chemical characteristics of the drug

Chelates

the process with the slowest rate constant in a system of simultaneous kinetic processes.

Rate limiting step

delivery of the active ingredient from a dosage form into solution.

Liberation

the first step which determines onset of action, rate of absorption, availability, etc., which is true for all drug products by all routes of administration

Liberation

The process of uptake of the compound from the site of administration into the systemic circulation.

Absorption

The movement of the drug from the site of application to the bloodstream.

Absorption

transfer of the drug from the blood to extravascular fluids and tissues

Distribution

The amount of blood perfusion in an area of the body also affects the rate at which the drug could be distributed there.

Distribution

Estimate the extent of drug distribution in the body

Volume of distribution

Relates the plasma conc to the amount of drug

Volume of distribution

Detoxification/Biotransformation enzymatic or biochemical transformation of the drug substance to (usually less toxic) metabolic products, which may be eliminated more readily from the body

Metabolism

final loss of the drug substance or its metabolites from the body

Excretion.

Make the drug MORE POLAR

Metabolism

Cell structure.

Quinn Karylle Fuentes · 28問 · 2年前

Cell structure.