The Increase in the population of cells is called

Cell division is by an asexual process called

The time it takes to divide (double) is called

What are the four growth phases

Organisms are adjusting to the environment (little or no division).

They are synthesizing DNA, ribosomes and enzymes to breakdown nutrients, and to be used for growth.

Division is at a constant rate (generation time) but varies with species, temperature and media.

Cells are most susceptible to inhibitors.

Dying and dividing organisms are at an equilibrium.

Death is due to reduced nutrients, pH changes, toxic waste and reduced oxygen. Cells are smaller and have fewer ribosomes.

In some cases cells do not die but they are not multiplying.

The population is dying in a geometric fashion so there are more deaths than new cells.

Deaths are due to the factors in stationary phase in addition to lytic enzymes that are released when bacteria lyse.

In the (8) give at least first 4 Factor that affect microbial growth

In the (7) give the 5-7 that affect microbial growth.

All living organisms require nutrients – various chemical compound use to sustain life.

What are the Sources of basic elements in the availability of nutrients.

What are the other growth factors are organized into three categories:

Required for synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

required for the synthesis of proteins.

Needed as coenzymes and functional groups of certain enzymes

What are the terms relating to energy source

What are the Terms Relating To Carbon Source

Cells are composed of how many % of water?

All living organisms require water to carry out their normal metabolic processes, and most will die in environments containing too little moisture. (True/False)

complete drying process.

Some microbial stage can survive desiccation. (True/False)

The temperature at which the microorganisms grows best.

Below this, the microorganisms cease to grow

Above this, the microorganisms die

microorganisms that grows at temperature of 50-60°C

microorganisms that grow best at moderate temperature of 20-40°C

Prefer cold temperature of 10-20°C .

OGT is 4°C (refrigerator temperature)

Can tolerate or endure very cold temperature of less than –4°C

This refers to the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution and, thus, the acidity or alkalinity of the solution

Most microorganisms prefer a neutral or slightly alkaline growth medium (pH 7.0–7.4). (True/False)

the pressure that is exerted on a cell membrane by solutions both inside and outside the cell.

Most bacteria are not affected by minor changes in some thrive at normal atmospheric pressure.

Glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O, requiring 21% oxygen.

The metabolic process is comparable to obligate aerobes but requires 1-15 % oxygen.

The absence of O2, glucose undergoes glycolysis to pyruvic acid, and then fermentation takes place.

Glucose undergoes glycolysis to pyruvic acid, then fermentation or anaerobic respiration in which oxygen is not the final electron acceptor

Requires carbon dioxide to survive.

What are the classification of culture media.

are used for growth of pure batch cultures.

contain agar and are used widely for the isolation of pure cultures, for estimating viable bacterial populations, and a variety of other purposes.

is one in which the exact chemical composition is known.

is one in which the exact chemical constitution of the medium is not known. Also known as basal medium

contain specific nutrients required for the growth of bacterial pathogens that may be present alone or with other bacterial species in a patient specimen.

contain nutrients that support growth of most non-fastidious organisms without giving any organism a growth advantage.

contain one or more agents that are inhibitory to all organisms except those being sought

He demonstrated that fermentation is caused by microorganisms.

He also found that yeast ferments sugar to alcohol and that bacteria can oxidize alcohol to acetic acid.

a process used to kill microorganisms responsible for spoilage

Glucose without oxygen.

Glucos with oxygen

The final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than O2

The total ATP yield is less than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycle operates under anaerobic conditions. (True/False)

the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule.

O2 is not required in fermentation. (True/False)

In alcohol fermentation, acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to produce ethanol.

Heterolactic fermentors can use the pentose phosphate pathway to produce lactic acid and ethanol.