collective science that deals with chemical interaction that occurs inside a cellular structure

Cells (basic structural units of living organisms) are highly organized and constant source of energy is required to maintain the ordered state.

Living processes contains thousands of chemical rxns. Precise regulation and integration of these rxns are required to maintain life

Certain important rxns that occur at cellular or biological/biochemical level E.g. Glycolysis is found in almost all organisms.

All organisms use the same type of molecules: CHO (Carbohydrates), proteins, lipids & nucleic acids.

Instructions for growth, reproduction and developments for each organism is encoded in their DNA

the basic fundamental unit of life

A Human is made of billions and trillions of cells which will sustained life and they are highly organized

Basic building blocks of life

Smallest living unit of an organism

Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment and Many cannot be seen with the naked eye

A cell may be an entire organism or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism (such as bacterias, fungi, protozoa, but not virus)

include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membranebound structures called organelles (bacteria)

include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals)

Nucleoid region contains the DNA

-Cell membrane & cell wall -Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm

- Nucleus - Cell Membrane - Cytoplasm with organelles

Genetic material is not enclose within the membrane (nuclear membrane)

Presence of nuclear membrane and nucleolus (ribosomes assembly happens here!)

Lack other membrane bound organelles

TRUE Nucleus - genetic material

DNA not associated with histone protein

DNA is linear (spiral helicase) complexed with histone protein

Binary fission (reproduced)

Mitosis.

Cell walls almost contains complex of polysaccharide peptidoglycan

Cell wall is present plants, algae, fungi; absent in animals and most protozoa

May/ may have Flagella and Cilia

are responsible for the production or utilization of proteins

What are the 2 main types of eukaryotic

A lipid/protein/carbohydrate complex, providing a barrier and containing transport and signaling systems

Plasma membrane is present im both animal and plant cell.

Plasma membrane is made up o?

1 hydrophilic head and two lipophilic body

Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and the nucleolus. Pores allow specific communication with the cytoplasm. The nucleolus is a site for synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome

Nucleus contains?

stored in nucleus It holds the overall genetic material. And ito yung nagdidivide tuwing mitosis

site of ribosomes assembly Nuclear Membrane and Nuclear Pore (dito lalabas yung most ribosomes)

Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of folds called cristae. Functions in energy production through metabolism. Contains its own DNA, and is believed to have originated as a captured bacterium.

Powerhouse of the cell - responsible for the production of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

molecules that traps energy from foods from foods most particularly carbohydrates

All the cells have mitochondria except RBC (Erythrocytes)

Surrounded by a double membrane, containing stacked thylakoid membranes. Responsible for photosynthesis, the trapping of light energy for the synthesis of sugars. Contains DNA, and like mitochondria is believed to have originated as a captured bacterium.

Dito po nangyayari yung photosynthesis

process of food creation for plants

A network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell. Covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough" appearance) which are in the process of synthesizing proteins for secretion or localization in membranes

Dito nangyayari yung protein synthesis Kung titignan sya under microscope, rough appearance nya because of the presence ribosomes which is responsible for the encoding of the proteins

Protein and RNA complex responsible for protein synthesis

Antibiotics that act as subunit in 50s

Antibiotics that act as Subunits in 30s

network of interconnected membranes forming channels within the cell. A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids. Also contains enzymes for detoxifying chemicals including drugs and pesticides.

A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles (small membrane surrounded bags) carry materials from the RER to the Golgi apparatus. Vesicles move between the stacks while the proteins are "processed" to a mature form. Vesicles then carry newly formed membrane and secreted proteins to their final destinations including secretion or membrane localization

Flattened Sack It is responsible for the storage and transport of your substances inside or outside the cell

Who discover golgi apparatus.

A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell, and also helps degrade materials ingested by the cell

Lysosomes can cause cell death Also known as the “suicide bag”

programmed cell death

RBC yung responsible on the color of the skin dahil sa pagrelease nya ng globulin. At kung bakit brown ang poop because of RBC na nadegrade na nareach yung life span nya

After 40 cell divisions mag undergone na sya ng apoptosis Pero kung ang cells natin ay nagfailed to undergo Apoptosis pwede tayo magkasakit kasi di napapalitan yung mga not functional na cells kasi matanda na, and that condition is called as Cancer

Membrane surrounded "bags" that contain water and storage materials in plants

Produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide, a toxic compound that can be produced during metabolism. Hydrogen peroxide is toxic sa cells

enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid portion called cytosol and it houses the membranous organelles

Arrays of protein filaments in the cytosol. Gives the cell its shape and provides basis for movement.

Just like cells are building blocks of tissues likewise molecules are building blocks of cells

Biomolecules ◆ Animal and plant cells contain approximately 10, 000 kinds of molecules (bio-molecules) ◆ Water constitutes 50-95% of cells content by weight.

The chemical properties of organic bio-molecules are determined by their functional groups. Most bio-molecules have more than one.

Kapag ang amino acids ay nagkabit kabit. Remember yung bond na nagcconect sakanila ay Peptide bond

➢ Basic structural units of proteins ➢ (+) Amino Group is the Base ➢ (-) Carboxyl Group is the Acid ➢ Hence, the amino acid is considered as Amphoteric in nature (meaning it exist in both base and acid)

Building blocks of proteins.

Contains amino group and carboxyl group function groups (behavioral properties) R Group (side chains) determines the chemical properties of each amino acids.

Also determines how the protein folds and its biological function. ○ Individual amino acids in protein connected by peptide bond.

Functions as transport proteins, structural proteins, enzymes, antibodies, cell receptors.

Carbohydrates most abundant organic molecule found in nature

Initially synthesized in plants from a complex series of reactions involving photosynthesis. Basic unit is monosaccharides

Monosaccharides can form larger molecules e.g. glycogen, plant starch or cellulose.

bond between monosaccharides