What are the 2 branches of pharmacotherapeutics.

What are the parts of pharmacokinetics.

What are the branch of pharmacodynamics

In what century did materia medica develop?

It is science of drug preparation and medical use of drugs began to develop as the precursor of pharmacology

He is the author of de materia medica.

used to prepare all sort of strange concoctions, including those of herbs, in order to treat their patients.

What century did Some apothecaries decided they had no interest in treating patients. and they were more interested in preparing medical compounds instead

Who is the father of pharmacology.

He came along that pharmacology became a true and distinct scientific branch of its own in a big way.

He studied the pharmacology of various compounds, including chloroform, and published an important text called the Outline of Pharmacology

Advances in chemistry and the further development of physiology laid the foundation needed for understanding how drugs work at the organ and tissue levels.

The relation of the individual’s genetic makeup to his or her response to specific drugs—is close to becoming a practical area of therapy

In what century did pharmacogenomic discover.

This field of study suggest that our genetic make up can affect our response to a certain drug(T/F)

common use include • inorganic ions • nonpeptide organic molecules • small peptides and proteins • nucleic acids • lipids and • carbohydrates.

Drugs used for?

It is a chemical compound of synthetic, semisynthetic, natural or biological origin which interacts with human or animal cells

Almost all the several thousand drugs currently available can be arranged into about 70 groups

Many of the drugs within each group are very different in pharmacodynamic actions and in their pharmacokinetic properties as well.

For most groups, one or more prototype drugs can be identified that typify the most important characteristics of the group.

Sizes from MW 7 (Lithium) to over MW 50,000 (thrombolytic enzymes, other proteins)

Majority of drugs have MW between 100 and 1000.

which usually result in irreversible action.

Somewhat weaker (between a cation and an anion)

Much weaker interactions (hydrogen bond, van der Waals interactions, and hydrophobic bonds)

The shape of a drug molecule must be such as to permit binding to its receptor site via the bonds

The drug’s shape is complementary to that of the receptor site in the same way that a key is complementary to a lock.

Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different in structure or spatial arrangement.

Alter or modulate the normal physiologic functions Interaction of drug molecules and cellular components (receptor) alter the functions of the latter.

Supplement endogenous substances that are lacking or deficient in the body

used to determine the presence or absence of a condition/disease

Used to kill or inhibit growth of cells considered as foreign to the body

Who discover and follows the principle of “selective toxicity” (The property of certain chemicals to kill one type of organism while not harming another.)

The study of how drugs move into, through and out of the body including delivery to their target sites; deals with ADME

the drug’s uptake from the site of administration to the systemic circulation

the drug’s movement to various sites after entering systemic circulation

the drug’s conversion to metabolite

the drug’s removal from the body

The release of active ingredient from its dosage form

rate-limiting step in absorption of solid dosage forms and consequently onset, intensity, and duration of action of the drug.

What are the expections in liberation.

dissolve much readily when compared to the drugs in its free form

Factors that influence the dissolution rate:

Choramphenicol palmitate is inactive in crystalline form but when it is administered in amorphous form, absorption in the GIT is rapid and with good therapeutic response.

100% amorphous

30% amorphous and 70% crystalline

(100% crystalline)

The proportion of a drug that is delivered to its site of action in the body.

High­ dose = ­ high drug absorption

High blood supply = greater extent/ faster absorption

The large surface area of the gastro-intestinal tract is due to the presence of macrovilli and microvilli in small intestines (Duodenum)

Skin (Caucasian Adult)

Lungs

Gastro-intestinal tract

Essential organ for weakly basic drugs

Essential for absorption of weakly acidic drugs

Highly acidic (pH 1.5-2) (pH 2-6; Fasting ph.

Covered with thick mucus layer

Has villi, large surface area

Short surface area

Not good as an absorption site

Good for absorption

has the greatest capacity for the absorption of drugs from the GI tract

some drugs are partially metabolized in the liver or portal vein before passing into circulatory system

some drugs travel intact through the biliary tract after initial absorption and are then reabsorbed into bloodstream through the intestine.

A drug’s route of administration affects its rate and extent of absorption. (T/F)

moving material in and out of the cell

movement of molecules based on the differences in the concentration across 2 region

molecules are transported by the movement of a liquid or a gaseous vehicle

Process of drug movement across the cell

Process of drug movement that goes through gaps or tight junction between cell

higher concentration to lower concentration movement of small lipophilic molecule along a conc. Gradient

This law states that the rate of diffusion of a solute molecule through a barrier is proportional to the concentration gradient.

This law states that the change in concentration with respect to time at a particular region is proportional to the change in the concentration gradient at that point in the system.

A passive process requiring no cellular energy

Drug moves along a concentration gradient and Saturable and structurally selective

From lower concentration to higher concentration “pushing a rock uphill” which requires cellular energy

small drug molecules simply move along with fluid through the pores in cell walls

MEDIATED through “water-filled pores/channels/aquaporins

Cell eating.

Cell drinking.

it is a process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by engulfing them

Complex of organic anion with cation

Linkage of ionized drug with oppositely charge ion (neutral complex)

What are the parts of pharmacokinetics.