Focuses on quality aspects of medicines and aims to ensure fitness for medicinal product

The study of drugs, and involves drug development.

Involves cures and remedies for disease, analytical techniques, pharmacology, metabolism, quality assurance, and drug chemistry

Relationship of how structural features of the molecule contribute to or take away from, the desired biological activity

Many compounds containing tertiary amine groups exhibited activity as muscle relaxants when converted to quaternary ammonium compounds. (T/F)

Molecules with widely differing pharmacologic properties could be converted to muscle relaxants with properties similar to those of tubocurarine when methylated. (T/F)

Natural neurotransmitter and activator of muscle contractio

Discovered by Loewri and Navrati

Selectivity of drug action via the concept of a

Permitted eradication of disease states without significant harm coming to the organism being treated (patient)

Magic bullet Modified by Albert into “selective toxicity” (True/False)

how one chemical group can produce two different biological effects (muscle relaxation and muscle contraction)

Binding of two molecules to receptors on the α-β and δ-α subunits causes the opening of the channel, subsequent movement of potassium through the channel is associated with a graded depolarization causing muscle contraction

non-depolarizing competitive antagonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, causing the relaxation of skeletal muscle.

Have a direct effect on absorption, excretion, and compatibility with other drugs in solution

any substance capable of donating a proton

any substance capable of accepting a proton

It indicates the relative strength of the acid or base

Negative log of the ionization constant

A general rule for determining whether a chemical is strong or weak acid or base

strong acid; conjugate base has no meaningful basic properties in water

weak acid; weak conjugate base

very weak acid; conjugate base getting stronger

essentially no acidic properties in water; strong conjugate bas

• pH = pKa + log(A/HA)

• pH = pKw–pKb +log(B/HB)

The solubility of a drug molecule in water greatly affects the routes of administration that are available, as well as its absorption, distribution, and elimination.

Dipole-dipole interaction between a Hydrogen atom and a strongly electronegative atom (F, O, N, S, Se)

Can also exist between alcohol molecules, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, esters, amines, amides, and polypeptides

Weak electrolytes (acids/bases) exist in both an ionized form and a non-ionized form in a solution.

The extent of ionization depends on the pKa of the weak electrolyte and the pH of the solution. The ionized form is Polar and therefore more water soluble than the non-ionized form.

it is a relative measure of a drug's lipid and water solubility and is usually expressed in terms of a partition coefficient.

The presence of oxygen and nitrogen-containing functional groups usually enhances water solubility

defined as the ratio of the solubility of the compound in an organic solvent to the solubility of the same compound in an aqueous environment

the combination of an acid and a base.

Two classes based upon the chemical nature of the substance

are made by combining drug molecules with inorganic acids and bases

in comparison with the parent molecule

are made by combining two drug molecules, one acidic and one basic

generally used to make depot injections

Rule of thumb to evaluate drug-likeness or determine if a chemical compound with a certain pharmacological or biological activity has chemical properties and physical propertie

No more than 5 hydrogen bond donors (the total number of nitrogen–hydrogen

No more than 10 hydrogen bond acceptors (all nitrogen or oxygen atoms

A molecular mass of less than 500 Daltons

An octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) that does not exceed 5