Largest, heaviest organ

Composed of several layers.

Accessible and can maintain an applied drug intact for prolonged period of time.

Can provide both local and systemic effect.

An avascular structure, made up of many layers of cells.

Special structure of the epidermis is classified as

Stratified squamous epithelium is typical of?

It is responsible for producing the main barrier

The main barrier in epidermis also knows as?

The horny layer is made up of water resistant dead cells which are segmented together with a complex lipid material.

A layer is made up of water resistant dead cells.

supporting frame to the epidermis.

It also supports the sensory nervous system, secretory glands and hair follicles.

Supplying nutrients via?

Unlike the epidermis, which is a cellular structure, the underlying dermis consists of connective tissue.

The major constituent of the fibrous protein which gives the skin its tensile strength.

make up 30% of the wet weight of the dermis and are arranged largely as interwoven strands or bundles that lie in a plane which is parallel to the skin's surface

The second type of protein fiber ; this makes up a smaller percentage and tends to be interwoven among the collagen bundles.

Allow the skin to deform and return to its original state once the pressure or tension is remove.

Consists of salt, water and glycosaminoglycans.

The latter form complexes with protein molecules known as?

What are the example of glycosamineglycans.

play a vital role in the hydration of tissues since it carries with it a large volume of water.

The second major cell type in the dermis, can be found close to the small blood vessels.

anticoagulant.

Both of which have vasoactive properties.

Below the epidermis is a layer of fatty or adipose tissue called the hypodermis.

The cells in this layer synthesize and store fat as an energy reserve. This is to help insulate the body from low external temperatures and to act as a buffer against trauma

Semi-solid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucus membrane.

What is the other name or ointment

What are the classes of ointment

What are the properties of oleaginous base.

Greaseless absorb water to the extent of solubility

Used for incorporating solid substances.

PEGs with mol wt of <600

PEGs wit mol wt of >1000 are

Water washable, absorb water, non-greasy, non occlusive.

By spatulation, using mortar and pestle

Electronic mortar and pestle, mixer.

By melting together.

Those that permit the incorporattion of aqueous solution resulting in the formation of water-oil.

Packaged in large-mouth ointment jars or tubes.

Typically are packaged in small aluminum or collapsible plastic tubes holding 3.5 g

Labels should indicate what type of base was used. (True/False)

They should always be homogenous, smooth and free from grittiness (True/False)

They should never be dispensed if they have the slight evidence of rancidity or mold. (True/False)

Ointments containing free acids, iodine, mercury or tannin should not be rubbed with iron or steel spatula on account of chemical reaction with metal. (True/False)

In removing ointments from the stock jar always scrape from the surface. Digging into the ointment jar leaves a greater area exposed, thus, increasing the possibility of rancidity, growth of mold and water loss. (True/False)

Water-containing ointments should be of recent preparation, dispensed in moderate amounts in glass containers with good closures (True/False)

Use of spatula or finishing blade for the sake of appearance and to avoid contact of the ointment with the cap or liner (True/False)

They should be dispensed in opal glass or porcelain jars or much better in collapsible tube (True/False)

Ointments on prescription are always directed by weight. (True/False)

Semisolid emulsions containing suspensions or solution of medicinal agents intended for external application.

They belong to the emulsion-type bases and generally classified under ointments.

semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jelly-like by the addition of gelling agents.

Ointment-like preparation, which is usually stiffer, less greasy and more absorptive than ointments due to higher proportions (25%) of powdered ingredients.

They absorb serous secretions and are preferred for acute lesions having the tendency to ooze.

Are less penetrating and less macerating than ointments.

Solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread on a backing of paper, fabric, moleskin, plastic.

intended for external application

plastic masses intended for topical application and containing gelatin, glycerin, and water in addition to the medicinal substance. They are used by first melting and applying on the skin surface with a brush, after which, it will harden and usually covered with a bandage.

Major route of opthalmic preparations

Other route of opthalmic preparation.

Ointments and gels provide longer residence time (True/False)

Absorption to systemic circulation through highly venous nasal lining.

What is the local effect of Nasal preparation.

Emulsion cream bases with antimicrobial preservatives. Container is equipped with applicator or perforated plastic tips.

Local or contraceptive effects, Tested for possible contamination of common pathogenic organisms.

Packaged in tubes or aerosol canisters or equipped with an applicator