Drug discovery.

87問 • 1年前

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Even before the synthetic, target-based, and selective medicinal agents, remedies were abundantly provided by various plant sources more commonly referred to as herbal remedies

Drug development before.

Dating back to the cavemen following their instincts to survive or preserve their lives, drugs already exist in various forms.

Drug discover before.

The DISCOVERY phase includes synthesis, isolation, fermentation, screening, and SAR studies

Drug development process.

Focusing on the financial return

Receptors, enzymes, and nucleic acids

an increasing number of new receptors and enzymes potential drug targets

Genome project.

inducing a clinical condition and treated with the test drug

In vivo test.

In vivo and in vitro.

Identifying bioassay.

drugs activity is tested on isolated tissues, cells, enzymes.

In vitro test.

A compound showing a desired pharmacological property which can be used to initiate a medicinal chemistry project

Finding a lead compound.

Ways of discovering a lead compound

Finding a lead compound.

vaccines (living or killed microorganisms)

Biological sources

Morphine

Plant kingdom.

Cocoaine.

Plant kingdome.

Quinine

Plant kingdom.

Prewingkle

Plant kingdom.

Reserpine.

Plant kingdom.

Paclitaxel.

Plant kingdom.

Penicillin.

Microbiological world.

Cephalosporin.

Microbiological world

Tetracycline.

Microbiological world.

Aminoglycosides.

Microbial world.

Lovastatin.

Microbiological world.

Protein.

Animal source.

Somatostatin. (protein)

Animal source.

Glucagon (Protein)

Animal source.

Heparin (Polysaccharide)

Animal source.

Bile acids.

Animal source.

Estrogens.

Animal source.

Large libraries of compounds are tested for their ability to modify the target capable of examining 15,000 chemical compounds a week using 10 – 20 bioassays.

High throughput screening.

A popular term for a generic drug with an identical formulation and stated indications as a drug previously approved by the FDA.

Me-too-Drugs.

atoms and functional groups required for a specific pharmacological activity, and their relative positions in space

Pharmacophore.

Science of the properties of the drugs and it's effect in the body.

Pharmacology.

The study of the interaction of the drugs with cells.

Pharmacodynamics.

The handling of a drug within the body. it includes the adme process.

Pharmacokinetics.

In. vitro and in vivo testing, determination of LD 50.

Toxicity testing.

Chemical and physical characterization, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmaceutics, analytical studies, toxicology

Pre clinical studies.

The general area of study concerned with the formulation, manufacturing, stability, and effectiveness of a pharmaceutical dosage form

Pharmaceuticals.

Filed before drug may be given to human (clinical trials)

Investigational new drug application.

Filed before drug may be given to human (clinical trials)

IND.

Special consideration is given on Orphan drugs (treatment IND) • orphan drug is used to treat orphan disease, or disease that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the US

IND.

Submitted to FDA à Review by FDA for 30 days

IND.

20-80 healthy volunteer.

Phase 1.

For safety

Phase 1

100-300 Suffer from the target illness

Phase 2.

Safety and effectiveness

Phase 2.

1000-3000 with the target illness.

Phase 3

Safety, effectiveness and dosage

Phase 3.

These studies are designed to determine the metabolic and pharmacological actions of the drug in humans, the side effects associated with increasing doses, and, if possible, to gain early evidence of effectiveness

Phase 1.

These studies also evaluate drug metabolism, structure-activity relationships, and the mechanism of action in humans.

Phase 1.

This phase of testing also helps determine the common short-term side effects and risks associated with the drug.

Phase 2.

• Failure during Phase II testing is common • After phase 2, sponsors meet with the FDA (True/False)

True

These studies are intended to gather the additional information about effectiveness and safety that is needed to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug.

Phase 3.

These studies also provide an adequate basis for extrapolating the results to the general population and transmitting that information in the physician labeling

Phase 3.

Generic drug . A company needs to show the FDA that the drug is bioequivalent to the innovator drug

NDA.

submitted for review and approval after the completion of the clinical trials and requirements have been met

NDA.

Permit to market drug product

NDA.

Post-marketing studies and manufacturing scale-up activities take place

Phase 4.

Modification of drug formulation as obtained from manufacturing scale-up and validation process may be done

Phase 4.

Conduct short-term toxicity studies ranging from 2 weeks to 3 months.

At preclinical stage.

Dynamic interactions between drug molecules and cellular components

Drug action.

Cell or group of cells specialized to detect changes in the environment and trigger impulses in the sensory nervous system

Receptors.

Protein in nature and embedded in the cell membrane

Receptors.

a molecule that binds to a receptor

Ligand.

Amphotericin B.

Lipid.

Used as molecular tag.

Carbohydrates.

Used as receptors.

Protein.

DNA and RNA acting as a drug target.

Nucleic acids target.

What is B2-adrenoceptors Agonist.

Salbutamol.

What is B2-adrenoceptors Antagonist

Propanolol.

What is B1-adrenoceptors Agonist

Isoprenaline.

What is B1-adrenoceptors Antagonist

Atenolol

What is the H1 and H2 receptors agonist

Histamine.

What is the H1 receptors antagonist

Mepyramine.

What is the H2 receptors antagonist

Ranitidine.

What is the opiate u receptors antagonist

Naloxone.

What is the opiate u receptors agonist

Morphine.

Protein catalysts are produced by living cells by acting as a surface or focus for the reaction, bringing the substrate(s) together and holding them in the best position for the reaction.

Enzyme.

completely complementary relationship between the drug molecule and a specific area on the surface of the receptor molecule

Lock and key theory.

Complementary relationship between the drug molecule and its active site

Induced fit theory.

the intensity of the pharmacologic activity of a structurally specific drug is directly proportional to the number of receptors occupied by the drug

Occupational theory of response.

measure of how strongly a drug binds to a receptor

Affinity.

maximum biological effect resulting from a drug binding to its target

Efficacy/ intrinsic activity.

Caused by continuous prolonged exposure of receptors to drugs that disrupt the homeostatic equilibrium and result in altered levels of the receptors.

Down regulation.

Result of downregulation

Desensitization.

The target cells become desensitized and the effect of subsequent exposure to the same concentration of the drug is reduced.

Desensitization.

An increased-concentration of the drug is required to produce an effect of the same magnitude as the initial exposure with a smaller drug concentration (T/F)

True.

Cell structure.

Quinn Karylle Fuentes · 28問 · 2年前

Cell structure.