INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINALISTIC- PART 2

39問 • 1年前

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When does the FBI introduced the beginnings of its Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) with the first computerized scans of fingerprints?

1977

developed the “multisystem” method for testing the PGM, ESD, and GLO isoenzyme systems simultaneously. They also developed methods for typing blood serum proteins such as haptoglobin.

Brian Wraxall and Mark Stolorow

developed the first DNA profiling test. 1986 in the first use of DNA to solve a crime, Jeffreys used DNA profiling to identify Colin Pitchfork as the murderer of two young girls in the English Midlands. Significantly, in the course of the investigation, DNA was first used to exonerate an innocent suspect.

(Sir) Alec Jeffreys

In ________ ,Edward Blake first used PCR- based DNA testing (HLA Dqa), to confirm different autopsy samples to be from the same person. The evidence was accepted by a civil court. This was also the first use of any kind of DNA testing in the United States.

People v. Pestinikas

When does the DNA profiling was introduced for the first time in a U.S. criminal court? Based on RFLP analysis performed by Lifecodes, Tommy Lee Andrews was convicted of a series of sex ual assaults in Orlando, Florida.

1987

was the first case in which the admissibility of DNA was seriously challenged. It set in motion a string of events that culminated in a call for certification, accreditation, standardization, and quality control guidelines for both DNA laboratories and the general forensic community.

New York v. Castro

In response to concerns about the practice of forensic DNA analysis and interpretation of the results, the National Research Council Committee on Forensic DNA (NRC I) published DNA Technology in Forensic Science, when does it happened?

1992

in Texas, published the first paper suggesting the use of short tandem repeats for forensic DNA analysis.

Thomas Caskey

in Montreal, launched development of an automated imaging system called the Integrated Ballistics Identification System, or IBIS, for comparison of the marks left on fired bullets, cartridge cases, and shell casings. This system was subsequently developed for the U.S. market in collaboration with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF).

Walsh Automation Inc

a U.S. federal court relaxed the Frye standard for admission of scientific evidence and conferred on the judge a “gatekeeping” role. The ruling cited Karl Popper’s views that scientific theories are falsifiable as a criterion for whether something is “scientific knowledge” and should be admissible.

Daubert et al. v. Merrell Dow

Roche Molecular Systems released a set of five additional DNA markers (“polymarker”) to add to the HLA-D QA1 forensic DNA typing system. When does it released?

1994

The FBI introduced computerized searches of the AFIS fingerprint database. When does it happen?

1996

mitochondrial DNA typing was admitted for the first time in a U.S. court.  1998 An FBI DNA database, NIDIS, enabli

Tennessee v. Ware

An FBI DNA database, NIDIS, enabling interstate cooperation in linking crimes, was put into practice. When does it happen?

1998

The FBI upgraded its computerized fingerprint database and implemented the Integrated Automated Finger print Identification System (IAFIS) allowing paperless submission, storage, and search capabilities directly to the national database maintained at the FBI. When does it happen?

1999

He referred to as the “Father of Forensic Toxicology”

Mathieu J.B Orfila

Known for his publications and for introducing the word“criminalistics”

Has Gross

• He developed an anthropometric system for human identification in the 1890s • The limitations of this system was shown by its inability to distinguish between two Leavenworth, Kansas, penitentiary prisoners, Will West & William West

Alphonse Bertillon

It was eventually replaced by the fingerprint system being developed by Francis Galton, William Hershel, Edward Henry & others in the late 1800s

Bertillon System

Established a forensic photography laboratory at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland in 1909

Professor R.A Riess

Established one of the world’s first police crime laboratories in Lyon, France in 1910 • Known for the Locard Exchange Principle

Edmond Locard

Established a forensic laboratory at the Los Angeles Police Department in 1923

August Vollmer

Established a crime detection laboratory at Chicago’s Northwestern University in 1929 • Perfected the comparison microscope for bullet and cartridge case examinations

Colonel Calvin Goddard

Established the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) forensic laboratory in 1932

J Edgar Hoover

When was the New York City (NYC) Police Department Crime Laborator established?

1934

• a specialty area of medicine • is the study of diseases and the bodily changes caused by the diseases

Pathology

They determine the cause of death (the medical reason why a person died; e.g. asphyxiation)

Forensic Pathologist

is a branch of biology devoted to the study of insects

Entomology

They use insects as investigative aids

Forensic Entomologist

It is the study of the physiology, anatomy, and pathology of teeth

Odontology

perform two types of analyses involving the human dentition • Identify human remains by comparing premortem and postmortem dental X-rays • Bite mark comparisons (crime scene marks to known bite marks)

Forensic Odontologists

It is the science of the human skeleton and how it has evolved over time

Physical Anthropology

•Can determine whether found remains are of human or animal origin • Reconstruct the skeleton from found remains • Provide an estimate of age, stature, and gender • Can sometimes determine racial origin • Detect skeletal abnormalities and any trauma • Can provide information about the cause of death

Forensic anthropologists

It is the study of the effects of extraneous materials such as poisons and drugs in the body

Forensic Toxicology

It is a branch of medicine concerning the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental illness while Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior of humans

Psychiatry

It evaluate offenders for civil and criminal competence and may be involved in offender treatment programs

Forensic psychiatrists & psychologists

Involved in the investigation of transportation related accidents, material failures, and structural failures

Forensic Engineering

Use information located on computers and other electronic devices as investigative aids • Find hidden or deleted information to determine if internet based crimes have been committed

Forensic Computer Science

It involves the examination, identification, and interpretation of items of physical evidence.

Criminalistics

VITMOLOGY-PPT2

Anndrea S. Galupo · 22問 · 1年前

VITMOLOGY-PPT2