VITMOLOGY-PPT2

22問 • 1年前

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It is the scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system — that is, the police and courts, and corrections officials — and the connections between victims and other social groups and institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social movements. It is however not restricted to the study of victims of crime alone but may cater to other forms of human rights violations that are not necessarily crime

Victimology

It is a branch of criminology that scientifically studies the relationship between an injured party and an offender by examining the causes and the nature of the consequent suffering. (britannica)

Victimology

This term commonly refers to individual who experience injury, loss or hardship for any reason. (Karmen, 2004)

Victim

It is an asymmetrical relationship that is abusive, destructive, parasitical, unfair, and in many cases, in violation of the law.

Victimization

The origin of the academic discipline of victimology can be traced back to:

1. Books 2. Articles 3. Research Project

The presumed vulnerabilities of certain kinds of people, such as the;

•very young •very old •migrants •mentally disturbed

System of rules used by preliterate societies to govern the tribe, clan or other gathering of individuals

Primitive Laws

•Considered as one of the firs attempts to establish a written code of conduct • Established rules regarding theft, sexual relationship and interpersonal violence • Intended to replace blood feuds • This code may have been “victim right statute” in history. (Restoration equity between the offender and the victim. The victim has to be made as whole as possible and in turn forgave vengeance against the offender).

Th Code of Hammurabi

•Subsequently became the foundation of Judeo-Christian morality • Became the basis for many of the laws in our modern society. • Present in the Code are prohibition against theft, perjury and murder.

The Mosaic Code- Ten Commandments

•Derived from the 12 tables •Written around 450 BC • In 529, it became the Justinian Code • Distinguish two major types of laws, the public and private laws

The Roman Law

If a quadruped causes injury to anyone, let the owner tender him the estimated amount of the damage; and if he is unwilling to accept it, the owner shall, by way of reparation, surrender the animal that caused the injury.

Law I

If you cause any unlawful damage . . . accidentally and unintentionally, you must make good the loss, either by tendering what has caused it, or by payment.

Law II

Anyone who, by means of incantations and magic arts, prevents grain or crops of any kind belonging to another from growing, shall be sacrificed to Ceres.

Law III

• He classified victims into 6 distinct categories: • The completely innocent victim (child or completely unconscious) • The victim with minor guilt (a woman who induces miscarriage and dies as a result) • The victim who is guilty as the offender (assist in the commission of the crime) • The victim more guilty that the offender (induced or provoked others to commit crimes) • The most guilty victim (aggression initiated by the victim) • The imaginary victim (paranoid)

Bejamin Mendelsohn's Theory of Victimization

According to Vin Hentig's Theory of victimization, there are 3 broad classes of victims. That includes;

1. General classes of victims 2. The psychological types of victims 3. The activating sufferer

• He attempted to classify victims on the basis of responsibility instead of risk factor. • Study of criminal-victim relationships emphasize the need to recognize the role and responsibility of the victim • His conclusion: the functional role or responsibility of the victim is to do nothing to provoke others from attempting to injure him and at the same time actively prevent such attempts

Schafer's Theory of Victimization

• Victimologists study the reasons for how and why the victim entered a dangerous situation. This does not mean putting the blame on the victim but examines the dynamics that resulted in the victim being in the risky situation. • Victimology evaluates how police, prosecutors, courts and related agencies interact with the victim. How was the victim treated at each stage in the CJS? • Victimologists evaluate the effectiveness of efforts to reimburse victims for the losses and meet the victim’s personal and emotional needs.

Karmen's Theory of Victimization

Various change in everyday lifestyles are assumed to present criminal opportunity by enhancing exposure and proximity of victims or targets to motivated offenders.

Lifestyle Theory (Hindelang)

• Examined the circumstances by looking at the convergence of space, time, motivated offenders, suitable victims or target and absence of capable guardians. • Criminal violations are treated as routine activities that will occur when a set of circumstances converge. • Emphasized the lack or absence of any of the three factors (offender, victim, guardian would probably prevent criminal activity.

Routine Activities Approach (Cohen and Felson)

• Exposure to potential offenders • Proximity of the residence of the target and the offender • Guardianship-effectiveness of preventing crime • Target attractiveness-person or object • Definition of certain crimes-establishing the difficulty of committing crime-theft is easier than robbery

Opportunity Model (Cohen)

• Defined as “an attempt to examine the wider social context in which some versions of victimology have become more dominant than others and also to understand hpw those version of victimology are interwoven with questions of policy response and service delivery to the victims of crimes.” • They question why certain actions are defined as criminal and others are not. • Many crimes committed by wealthy or powerful or even nations are not considered crimes. (example: genocide, rape as a weapon of war, abuse of power)

Critical Victimology (Mawby and Walklate)

The theory posits that the through the acts and other circumstances surrounding the person of the victim himself or herself, he or she became victim of crime

Victim Blaming

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINALISTICS

Anndrea S. Galupo · 100問 · 1年前

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINALISTICS