INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINALISTICS

Anndrea S. Galupo · 22問 · 1年前

通報

問題一覧

Criminalistics is also called what?

Forensic Science

It is the application of science to the CJS and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a CJS.

Forensic Science (Criminalistics)

Law enforcement was based on witness testimony and only rarely included the presentation of _____________.

physical evidence

• the court ruled that the evidence obtained in the search was inadmissable because it was seized in an illegal search. In ruling this way the court created the "exclusionary rule" which makes illegally obtained evidence inadmissable in court. •This ruling is known as the “FRUIT OF POISONOUS TREE DOCTRINE"

Mapp v Ohio (1961)

The Court ruled that all citizens must be provided a lawyer if they cannot afford one. This is regardless of the type of crime.

Gideon v Wainwright (1963)

• the Court ruled that citizens must be infor med of their rights prior to questioning. Any evidence or statement obtained prior to a suspect being read his/her rights is inadmissabl e. • this has led to what is commonly referred to as one's "MIRANDA RIGHTS" having to be read upon questioning or arrest.

Miranda v Arizona (1966)

He was able to prove that a crown was not made of gold (as it was fraudulently claimed) by its DENSITY AND BUOYANCY.

The "Eureka" legend of Archimedes (287-212 BC)

It is a chinese book that contains a description of how to distinguish drowning from strangulation. This was the first recorded application of medical knowledge to the solution of crime.

Hsi Duan Yu

a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, noted fingerprint characteristics. However, he made no mention of their value as a tool for individual identification.

Marcello Malpighi

an English naturalist, used engrav ings of his own fingerprints to identify books he published.

Thomas Bewick

in return for a suspension of arrest and a jail sentence, he made a deal with the police to establish the first detective force, the Sûreté of Paris.

Eugène François Vidocq

A Spaniard who became professor of medicinal/ forensic chemistry at University of Paris, published Traite des Poisons Tires des Regnes Mineral, Vegetal et Animal, ou Toxicologie General l.

Mathiew Orfila

He is considered as the Father if Modern Toxicology

Mathiew Orfila

A professor of anatomy at the University of Breslau, Czecheslovakia, published the first paper on the nature of fingerprints and suggested a classification system based on nine major types. However, he failed to recognize their individualizing potential.

John Evangelist Purkinji

He invented the polarizing light microscope.

William Nichol

A Belgian statistician, provided the foundation for Bertillon’s work by stating his belief that no two human bodies were exactly alike.

Adolphe Quetelet

A first noted amylase activity in human saliva.

Leuchs

one of Scotland Yard’s original Bow Street Runners, first used bullet comparison to catch a murderer. His comparison was based on a visible flaw in the bullet which was traced back to a mold.

Henry Goddard

a Scottish chemist, was the first to use toxicology (arsenic detection) in a jury trial.

James Marsh

He published the first reliable procedures for the microscopic detection of sperm. He also noted the different microscopic characteristics of various different substrate fabrics.

H. Bayard

a chemistry professor from Belgium, was the first successfully to identify vegetable poisons in body tissue.

Jean Servais Stas

in Kracow, Poland, he developed the first micros copic crystal test for hemoglobin using hemin crystals.

Ludwig Teichmann

He is an english physician who developed dry plate photography, eclipsing M. Daguerre’s wet plate on tin method. This made practical the photographing of inmates for prison records.

Maddox

a British officer working for the Indian Civil service, began to use thumbprints on documents both as a substitute for written signatures for illiterates and to verify document signatures.

Sir William Herschel

He is the Dutch scientist who developed a presumptive test for blood using guaiac, a West Indian shrub.

J. (Izaak) Van Deen

The German scientist who f irst discovered the ability of hemoglobin to oxidize hydrogen peroxide making it foam. This resulted in first presumptive test for blood.

Schönbein

first advocated the use of photography for the identification of criminals and the documentation of evidence and crime scenes.

Odelbrecht

microscopist to U.S. Department of Agriculture suggested that markings of the palms of the hands and the tips of the fingers could be used for identification in criminal cases.

Thomas Taylor

a German pathologist, was one of t he first to both study hair and recognize its limitations.

Rudolph Virchow

a Scottish physician working in Tokyo, published a paper in the journal Nature suggesting that fingerprints at the scene of a crime could identify the offender. In one of the first recorded uses of fingerprints to solve a crime, Faulds used fingerprints to eliminate an innocent suspect and indicate a perpetrator in a Tokyo burglary.

Henry Faulds

a railroad builder with the U.S Geo logical Survey in New Mexico, put his own thumbprint on wage chits to safeguard himself from forgeries.

Gilbert Thompson

A French police employee, identified the first r ecidivist based on his invention of anthropometry.

Alphonse Bertillon

published the first Sherlock Holmes story in B eeton’s Christmas Annual of London.

Arthur Conan Doyle

professor of forensic medicine a t the University of Lyons, France, was the first to try to individualize bullets to a gun barrel. His comparisons at the time were based simply on the number of lands and grooves.

Alexandre Lacassagne

examining magistrate and professor of criminal law at the University of Graz, Austria, published Criminal Investigation, the first comprehensive description of uses of physical evidence in solving crime. Gross is also sometimes credited with coining the word criminalistics.

Hans Gross

published Fingerprints, the first co mprehensive book on the nature of fingerprints and their use in solving crime.

Sir Francis Galton

an Argentinean police researcher, developed the fingerprint classification system that would come to be used in Latin America. After Vucetich implicated a mother in the murder of her own children using her bloody fingerprints, Argentina was the first country to replace anthropometry with fingerprints.

Juan Vucetich

_____ of France was convicted of treason based on a mistaken handwriting identification by Bertillon.

Alfred Dreyfus

He developed the print classification system that would come to be used in Europe and North America. He published Classification and Uses of Finger Prints.

Sir Edward Richard Henry

A forensic chemist working in Germany, took photomicrographs of two bullets to compare, and subsequently individualize, the minutiae.

Paul Jesrich

a German immunologist, developed the precipitin test for species. He was also one of the first to institute standards, controls, and procedures.

Paul Uhlenhuth

first discovered human blood groups and was awarded the Nobel prize for his work in 1930. He continued work on the detection of blood, its species, and its type formed the basis of practically all subsequent work.

Karl Landsteiner

He was appointed head of Scotland Yard and forced the adoption of fingerprint identification to replace anthropometry.

Sir Edward Richard Henry

He pioneered the first systematic use of fingerprints in the United States by the New York Civil Service Commission.

Henry P. DeForrest

A professor at the University of L ausanne, Switzerland, and a pupil of Bertillon, set up one of the first academic curricula in forensic science. His forensic photography department grew into Lausanne Institute of Police Science.

Professor R.A. Reiss

a new inmate, was initially confused with a resident convict William West using anthropometry. They were later (1905) found to be easily differentiated by their fingerprints.

Will West

developed a presumptive test for blood based on benzidine, a new chemical developed by Merk.

Oskar and Rudolf Adler

President Theodore Roosevelt established the _________.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

professor of forensic medicine at the Sorbonne, with Marcelle Lambert, published the first comprehensive hair study, Le poil de l'homme et des animaux.

Victor Balthazard

successor to Lacassagne as profes sor of forensic medicine at the University of Lyons, France, established the first police crime laboratory.

Edmund Locard

an American and arguably the most influential document examiner, published Questioned Documents.

Albert S. Osborne

developed another microscopic cr ystal test for hemoglobin using hemochromogen crystals

Masaeo Takayama

professor of forensic medicine at the Sorbonne, published the first article on individualizing bullet markings.

Victor Balthazard

professor at the Institute of Forensic Medicine in Turin Italy, developed the first antibody test for ABO blood groups. He first used the test in casework to resolve a marital dispute.

Leone Lattes

________ of Berkeley, California first used a v acuum apparatus to collect trace evidence.

Albert Schneider

first suggested 12 matching points as a positive fingerprint identification. He was known for the principle “Every contact leaves a trace.”

Edmond Locard

He was the first to catalog manufacturing data about weapons.

Charles E. Waite

pioneered the use of botanical identification in forensic work.

Georg Popp

one of the first American criminalists, pioneered striation analysis in tool mark comparison, including an attempt at statistical validation. In 1930 he published The identification of knives, tools and instruments, a positive science, in The American Journal of Police Science.

Luke May

with C. Waite, P. Gravelle, and J. Fisher, perfected the comparison microscope for use in bullet comparison.

Calvin Goddard

He/they designed the portable polygraph.

John Larson and Leonard Keeler

at University of Messina, Italy, developed the absorbtion-elution test for ABO blood typing of stains. Along with his mentor, Lattes also performed significant work on the absorbtion-inhibition technique.

Vittorio Siracusa

polygraph test results were ruled inadmissible. The federal ruling introduced the concept of general acceptance and stated that polygraph testing did not meet that criterion.

Frye v. United States

as chief of police in Los Angeles, California, implemented the first U.S. police crime laboratory

August Vollmer

a Japanese scientist, is credited with the first recognition of secretion of group-specific antigens into body fluids other than blood.

Saburo Sirai

which took place in Bridgewater, Massachusetts, was responsible for popularizing the use of the comparison microscope for bullet comparison. Calvin Goddard’s conclusions were upheld when the evidence was reexamined in 1961.

The case of Sacco and Vanzetti

first detected the M, N, and P blood factors leading to development of the MNSs and P typing systems.

Landsteiner and Levine

He was the first medico-legal investigator to suggest the identification of salivary amlyase as a presumptive test for salivary stains.

Meüller

a Japanese scientist, conducted the first comprehensive investigation establishing the existence of serological isoantibodies in body fluids other than blood.

K.I Yosida

work on the St. Valentine’s day massacre led to the founding of the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory on the campus of Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.

Calvin Goddard

an Austrian scientist, developed the absorbtion-inhibition ABO typing technique that became the basis of that commonly used in forensic laboratories. It was based on the prior work of Siracusa and Lattes.

Franz Josef Holzer

When was the Federal Bereau of Investigation (FBI) crime laboratroy created?

1932

Dutch physicist, invented the first interference contrast microscope, a phase contrast microscope, an achievement for which he won the Nobel prize in 1953

Frits Zernike

in Germany, developed the chemiluminescent reagent luminol as a presumptive test for blood.

Walter Specht

assumed leadership of the criminology program at the University of California at Berkeley. In 1945, he formalized a major in technical criminology.

Paul Kirk

He/They first identified haptoglobin

M. Polonovski and M.Jayle

He/They first described Rh blood groups.

Landsteiner and A.S Wiener

a chemist with the Ethyl Corporation, was probably the first to analyze ignitable fluid. He used a vacuum distillation apparatus.

Vincent Hnizda

of Bell Labs initiated the study voiceprint identification. The technique was refined by L.G. Kersta.

Murray Hill

at the University of Copenhagen, developed the acid phosphatase test for semen.

Frank Lundquist

He first described the Lewis blood group system.

Mourant

first described the Kell blood group system

R.R Race

and colleagues first described the Duffy blood group system.

M. Cutbush

chief of police of Berkeley, California, established the school of criminology at the University of California at Berkeley. Paul Kirk presided over the major of criminalistics within the school.

August Vollmer

founder of the first Swiss criminalistics laboratory, developed the tape lift method of collecting trace evidence.

Max Frei-Sulzer

published Crime Investigation, one of the first comprehensive criminalistics and crime investigation texts that encompassed theory in addition to practice.

Kirk

captain of the Indiana State Police, invented the Breathalyzer for field sobriety testing.

R.F Berkenstein

_____ and colleagues introduced the use of H-lectin to determine positively O blood type.

A.S Weiner

in Canada, he described the application of gas chromatography (GC) to the identification of petroleum products in the forensic laboratory and discussed potential limitations in the brand identity of gasoline.

Lucas

a Swiss scientist, adapted the Ouchterlony antibody-antigen diffusion test for precipiten testing to determine species.

Maurice Muller

_______ and colleagues first identified the polymorphic nature of erythrocyte acid phosphatase (EAP).

D.A Hopkinson

_______ and colleagues first identified the polymorphic nature of red cell phosphoglucomutase (PGM)

N.Spencer

first identified the polymorphic nature of red cell adenylate cyclase (AK).

R.A Fildes and H. Harris

developed the immunoelectrophoretic technique for haptoglobin typing in bloodstains.

Brian J. Culliford and Brian Wraxall

of the British Metropolitan Police Laboratory, initiated the development of gel-based methods to test for isoenzymes in dried bloods tains. He was also instrumental in the development and dissemination of methods for testing proteins and isoenzymes in both blood and other body fluids and secretions.

Culliford

_____ and colleagues first identified the polymorphic nature of red cell adenosine deaminase (ADA).

Spencer

published The Examination and Typing of Bloodstains in the Crime Laboratory, generally accepted as responsible for disseminating reliable protocols for the typing of polymorphic protein and enzyme markers to the United States and worldwide.

Culliford

______ and colleagues, working in Germany, first identified the polymorphic nature of red cell glyoxylase (GLO).

J.Kompf

originally promulgated by the U.S. Supreme Court, were enacted as a congressional statute. They are based on the relevancy standard in which scientific evidence that is deemed more prejudicial than probative may not be admitted.

Federal Rules of Evidence

100

a trace evidence examiner at the Saga Prefectural Crime Laboratory of the National Police Agency of Japan, notices his own fingerprints developing on microscope slides while mounting hairs from a taxi driver murder case. He relates the information to co-worker Masato Soba, a latent print examiner. Soba would later that year be the first to develop latent prints intentionally by “Superglue®” fuming.

Fuseo Matsumur

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