Refers to determination of the presence and or levels of the different analytes in urine associated with pathologic conditions

Enumerate the three methods available in chemical examination of urine

This is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions which are secreted by the kidneys into ammonium ions hydrogen phosphate and weak organic acids

When hydrogen ions is increased what should be the level of ph urine

It is the identification of crystals and determination of unsatisfactory specimen

Abnormal crystals are usually found in what ph of urine

What is the ph of first morning urine

What is the ph of random urine

This occurs after meals due to withdrawal of hydrogen ions for the purpose of a secretion of hydrochloric acid

Asthma

Chronic obstructive pulmonary

Pyrexia

Methanol poisoning

Increase protein diet

Acid producing bacteria

Cranberry juice

Renal tubular acidosis

Hyperventilation

Urease producing bacteria

Vegetable and fruit diet

Old specimen

What is the ph of urine unpreserved specimen

Pyrexia is also known as

Enumerate methods of ph determination of urine

What is the ph of methyl red liquid indicator

What is the ph of yellow liquid indicator

This is the most indicative substance of renal disease

Produces white foam when shaken

The major serum protein found in urine

It is produced by the distal cumulated tubule and forms matrix of all types of casts

What is the normal value of protein in urine

What is the normal value of protein according to henry

What are the stages clinical proteinuria of protein

Refers to the increase of protein in urine about >30 MG/L or >300 MG/DL

A stage of clinical proteinuria which is not an indicative of actual renal disease and not detected by reagent strip. This character is by an increase in low molecular weight proteins which are readily filtered out from the circulation by the glomerulus

In overflow proteinuria intravascular hemolysis what substance is increased

In overflow proteinuria muscle injury what's substance is increased

In overclock proteinuria severe infection and inflammation what substance is increased

In overflow proteinuria multiple myeloma what substance is increased

An abnormal protein excreted by patients with multiple myeloma

Bence jones protein precipitates at what temperature

Bence jones protein dissolves at what temperature

Not all patients with multiple myeloma will excrete detectable levels of benz jones protein however these are several methods to confirm and multiple myeloma

A stage of clinical proteinuria which is an indicative of true renal disease

This is the most common type of proteinuria which occurs in primarily glomerular diseases and seen in glomerulonephritis amyloidosis exposure toxic substances sle and hypertension

It is under the renal clinical proteinuria which involves tubular reabsorption dysfunction and seen in exposure to toxic substance or heavy metals severe viral infection falcony syndrome pyelonephritis and acute tubular necrosis

A part of the renal clinical proteinuria stage which is not detected by routine reagent strip and it is associated with diabetic nephropathy and increase risk of cardiovascular disease

What is the normal albumin excretion rate

What is the normal microalbuminuria rate

What is the significant value of clinical albuminuria

This is under renal clinical proteinuria which is an proteinuria that is due to the standing or position due to high levels of pressure in renal vein

Test for renal proteinuria which employs the antibody enzyme conjugate that binds albumin reagents are the gold labeled antibody, beta galactoselidase, chlorophenol galactosidase. Deeping time is 5 seconds and reading time is 1 minute

What is the principle of micral test

What is the sensitivity of micral test

This is sensitive albumin test related to creatinine concentration to correct for patient hydration

What is the sensitivity value of microalbumin strip for albumin

What is the sensitivity value for microalbumin of creatinine

This is the stage of clinical proteinuria which is protein is added to urine as it passes through the lower urinary tract and prone to contamination during menstruation or prostatic or vaginal secretion

This is the reference method for the test for albumin which urine is coagulated by heat

Result of heat and acetic acid which diffuse cloudiness

Result of heat and acetic acid which is granular and cloudy

Result of heat and acetic acid which is distinct flocculate

Result of feet and acetic acid which is large flooculate dense and something solid

A test which most proteins are precipitated when diluted which is not specific to albumin

Grade for ssa which no increase in turbidity indicating protein range of <6

Grade for ssa which has noticeable turbidity when a protein range of 6-30

Grade for ssa which has distinct turbidity with no granulation and a protein range of 30-100

Grade for ssa which has turbidity with granulation but no floculation and protein range of 100 to 200

Grade for ssa which has turbidity with granulation and proculation and protein range of 200-400

Grade for ssa it's as a clumps of protein with above 400 protein

Causes what in ssa Radiographic dye

Causes what in ssa Tolbutamide metabolites

Causes what in ssa Antibiotics

Causes what in ss Highly alkaline urine

Causes what in ssa Very dilute sample

This test detects only albumin

Positive in ssa and reagents trip indicates the presence of

Positive in ssa but negative in reagent strip indicates of the presence of

This refers to the presence of any sugar in urine

This refers to the presence of any reducing sugar in urine

This refers to the presence of glucose in urine

This is the most frequently tested in urine

What is the renal threshold glucose

What is the normal range of glucose in urine

The normal fasting glucose range in urine

What are the clinical significance of urine glucose

Blood glucose is increased as well as the urine glucose shows what clinical significance of urine glucose

Normal blood glucose but increase urine glucose shows what clinical significance of urine glucose

Diabetes mellitus due to insulin

Cushing syndromes due to increase cortisol

Pheochromocytoma or presence of tumor

Acromegaly due to increase growth hormone

Hyperthyroidism which increase t3 and t4

Impaired tubular reabsorption of glucose

Fanconis syndrome which is done ability to absorb glucose and amino acids

Nephrotic syndrome which increases fat and cholesterol

Osteomalacia