are actions individuals take that affect their health. They include actions that lead to improved health, such as eating well and being physically active, and actions that increase one’s risk of disease, such as smoking, excessive alcohol intake, and risky sexual behavior.

put in place have marginalized some population groups and communities, keeping them from the supports and resources necessary to thrive.

views behaviors as occurring in sets and influencing each other, developing from deeply rooted identities arising from membership in social groups

An approach that involves defining and measuring the problem, determining the cause or risk factors for the problem, determining how to prevent or ameliorate the problem, and implementing effective strategies on a larger scale and evaluating the impact.

In order to eliminate disparities in health, the public health approach must take place in the context of a balanced community health system, which includes

suggests that: “Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health”.

Who distinguish five approaches to health promotion, each necessitating the use of different kinds of activities.

aims to enable people to address health problems and lead healthier lives.

Five approaches to health promotion

aims to enable people to be free from medically defined disease and disability, such as infectious diseases, cancer and heart disease. The approach involves medical interventions to prevent or ameliorate ill health. Possibly using a persuasive paternalistic method

what method for example middle age people to be screened for high blood pressure

This approach values preventive medical procedures and the medical profession’s responsibility to ensure that patients comply with recommended procedures

approach is based upon changing people’s individual attitudes and behaviors so that they adopt a “healthy lifestyle”. Examples include teaching people how to stop smoking, look after their teeth, eat the “right food”, and so on

The aim of the education approach is to provide individuals with

approach is to provide individuals with information, ensure knowledge and understanding of health issues, and to enable well-informed decisions to be made.

an approach where encourages individuals to make their own decisions and at the same time health professionals will see it as their responsibility to raise with clients the health issues which they think will be in the client’s best interests

an approach where health professional works with clients to help them identify what they want to know about and take action on, and make their own decisions and choices according to their own interests and values

The role of the health professional is to act as a

Self-empowerment of the client is seen as

Clients are valued as equals. They have knowledge, skills and abilities to contribute, and they have an absolute right to control their own health destinies

approach modifies the physical and social environment in order to make it more conducive to good health.

Societal change approach values______ to change society

“in the end, public health is just health education and every community health worker is a health educator.”

“in the end, public health is just health education and every community health worker is a health educator.” This is further explained by looking at the three approaches to public health, namely

seeks to protect the health of the public thru the enforcement of laws and regulations

An approach where it provides free services to the people. Providing health facilities that the community can use. Based on the felt needs of the community

used widely today and is consistent with democratic philosophy which does not order people. The results although slow are permanent and enduring. It involves motivation, communication, and decision making.

Health education in three levels:

the approach is more specific to the needs of an individual like counselling.

one might need to be more creative in order to catch the attention of the target audience. Say, a focus group discussion may be a valuable source of ideas on how to address the group’s educational needs.

the most difficult to address. The medium to be used must be able to cut across a wide range of audience from the youth to the senior citizens, from the richest individuals to the poorest individuals. A television advertisement or a radio show might serve this purpose.

plays a central role in the maintenance of health, and the prevention of disease. With an eye to lowering the substantial morbidity and mortality associated with health-related behavior,

is a process that informs, motivates and helps people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyles, advocates environmental changes as needed to facilitate this goal and conducts professional training and research to the same end".

Objectives of Health Education

disseminate scientific knowledge on prevention of disease

to change pernicious habits and ways of living detrimental to health

People need to be encouraged to use judiciously and wisely the health services available to them

Stages in the adoption of new ideas and practices

Principles of learning -Topics of communities interest -Felt needs

Principles of learning Active learning =Group Discussion =Panel Discussion =Workshop Increase Personal Acceptance

Principles of learning Start where people are... -Then proceed to new knowledge

Know the level of understanding, education, and literacy of people -Do not use jargons

Principles of learning Repetition =Assists in comprehension and understanding =Booster dose

Principles of learning Awakeming the desired to learn -Types =Internal vs. External =Primary vs. Secondary

Principles of learning Action Process =Not memorizing in a narrow state -People learn more if they can carry out in practice

Principles of learning Soil- Seed- Sower-

Principles of learning Kind and Sympathetic educator =more important than the technical knowledge in health education

Principles of learning -Understands the needs and demands of the comm. -Provides proper guidance -takes initiative

Principles of learning -Receptive view and suggestions -identifies himself with the comm. -selfless impartial considerate and sincere

Principles of learning -easily accesible to people -able to control and compromise to various fractions -skills and knowledge in eliciting coperation -coordinates various official snd non official organizations

Nutritional factors in Health Promotion present in both rich and poor countries

3 things under Malnutrition

3 things in Overnutrition

Most have occured due to war or civil unrest and fragile chain of producton, transportatiom, storage, processing, and marketing. Present Ethiopa, Sudan, Somalia, Bosnia

A severe wasting syndrome due to severe malnutrition and deficiencies in al nutrients like mothers milk fails.

Deficiency in one or more amino acid during the weaning process due ro visceral protein malnutrition and abdominal ascitis

Synergism between Malnutrition and Infection happens between?

Problem with fast foods due to excessive amount of fat, deficient fiber, stimulate excessive insulin production from refined sugar

what are the Exposure to environmental Health hazards Route of entry

Microbes

Chemical

Heat

Radiation

Cuts

Contusions

Chemical aerosol

Fumes

Dusts

Allergens

Chemical toxins

Character of the exposure

Major sources of Health Hazard