neural tube defects

Ceruloplasmin Marker of _ measuring _

Migrates ahead of albumin in the classic electrophoresis of serum or plasma proteins

Hemoconcentration, dehydration W No clinical significance

A low pre-albumin level is a sensitive marker o

Largest plasma protein fraction (52-62%)

Most abundant protein in the fetal serum and Increased in amniotic fluid and maternal serum in neural tube defects (spina bifida)

OROSOMUCOID Decreased in

Albumin _ in cases of acute inflammatory processes

a-1-FETOPROTEIN decreases in Trisomy

Heterogenous complex mixture of protein molecules (α1, α2, β and γ fractions)

OROSOMUCOID is also known as

PRE-ALBUMIN Binds with retinol-binding protein to form complex that transports

Orosomucoid contains

Inhibits the phagocytic activity of neutrophils & inhibits platelet aggregation May inactivate progesterone

Contains high percentage of CHO and sialic acid (45% CHO + 11-12% Sialic acid) Synthesized both by the liver & by granulocytes and monocytes

a-1-ANTITRYPSIN increases

tetramer (two α and two β chains) synthesized in the hepatocytes, an acute-phase protein

a-1-FETOPROTEIN Detectable in the maternal blood up to _ month of pregnancy then peak in the fetus at _ weeks of gestation

Serves as circulating reservoir of amino acids, Regulator of osmotic pressure (fluid balance), and Transport protein because of ease of binding with blood components

GLOBULIN Measurement formula

INHIBITOR /MEDIATOR of inflammator processes

Copper-containing protein BUT does NOT transport copper; synthesized in the liver, where 6-8 copper atoms are attached • Acute phase reactant • Imparts a blue color to protein

Inhibits protease neutrophil elastase to combat infections but destroy alveoli which can lead to emphysema

a-1-ANTITRYPSIN Prevents self-destruction of tissues by inhibiting

a-1-FETOPROTEIN Used as a tumor marker in

ALBUMIN Synthesized in the _ at a rate that is dependent on protein intake

Total copper serum is decrease but Urine copper level is increase

Copper deposits in the cornea

PRE-ALBUMIN Transport of thyroid hormones

Normal A/G ratio:

Impaired synthesis (1o= liver disease; 2o= diminished protein intake due Malabsorption or malnutrition and Nephrotic syndrome (renal loss)

ALBUMIN REFERENCE VALUES

PRE-ALBUMIN is rich in