Travels as electromagnetic wave

the proportion of wavelength and electromagnetic energy is _

TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGIES

distance between two peaks as the light travels in a wavelike manne

Visible-spectra Wavelength

Ultraviolet region WAVELENGTH

Infrared region WAVELENGTH

Non-visible spectra region

Range region mostly used for toxicology study and determination

Visible spectra color of analytes letter only

Chemical reaction produces a colored substance whose concentration is proportional to the analyte

COLORIMETRY is based on the

Kinds of Colorimetry

Kind of Colorimetry Relies on visual acuity to determine end-point

Kind of Colorimetry The greater the intensity of the color, the result will yield higher also

Kind of Colorimetry primary analytical utility of spectrophotometry or filter photometry is the isolation of discreet portion of spectrum for the purposes of measurement

Kinds of Photoelectric Colorimetry

Photoelectric Colorimetry where it make use of prisms and/or diffraction gratings as monochromator to disperse the radiant energy into a continuous spectrum

Photoelectric Colorimetry where it make useof filters (interference or transmission) to isolate part of the spectrum

The amount of light taken up by a solution proportional to the inverse log of transmittance

Ratio of the radiant energy transmitted to the radiant energy incident on the sample

TRANSMITTANCE formula It = lo =

LAW OF COLORIMETRY The concentration of the solution is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed and inversely proportional to the logarithm of transmitted light

LAW OF COLORIMETRY Absorbance is directly proportional to the length of light path

converts light to electrical energy that can be registered on a read-out device (will show a result of the analyte that are tested)

isolates a region from the spectrum

An Internal Component of Spectro that Provides electromagnetic radiation as visible, infrared or UV light

Most commonly used light source

A light Source which Iodine used to prevent the decomposition on the vaporized tungsten from the hot filament of light

Absorbance is Mathematically derived from

is a relationship between the attenuation of light through a substance and the properties of that substance

Beer's Law formula Where A= a= b= c=

Involves measurement of the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of light -absorbing substances in the solution

Simplest type of absorption spectrometer

It is designed to make one measurement of a time at one specified wavelength

the absorption maximum of the analyte must be known in advance when a single beam instrument is used

An instrument that splits the monochromatic light into two components one beam passes throughout the sample another beam passes through a reference solution or blank

2 Types of Double Beam Spectrophotometer

w/ 2 photodetectors and all components are duplicated except the light source the beams of light pass-through different components but at the same time

LIGHT SOURCES which are VISIBLE AND NEAR INFRARED RANGES

LIGHT SOURCES which are ULTRAVIOLET RANGES

Iodine Lamp used to prevent the . decomposition on the vaporized tungsten / from the hot filament of light

Light Source that Provides energy source with high output in the UV range (down to 165 nm)

Light Source used above 800nm

Light Source emits narrow bands of energy at Well-defined places in the spectrum like uV and Visible

Light Source consists of a gas tight chamber Containing anode, a cylindrical Cathode and inert gas such as helium or argon

Light Source produces a continuous source of radiation which covers both the UV and visible range. This is not suited for routine application as problems result from stray light

Light source comes from any wavelength outside the band transmitted by the monochromator. Common caused by loss of linearity at high analyte concentration

An Internal Component of Spectro reduces stray light and prevent scattered light from entering the monochromator system. It only chooses the amount of light to enter in the dispersion part of monochromator

An Internal Component of Spectro that produces light of specific wavelength from a light source

Defines the range of wavelengths transmitted and is calculated as width at more than half the maximum transmittance

A type of monochromator that is Wedge-shaped pieces of glass, quartz, NaCl, that can be rotated

A type of monochromator that disperses white light into a continuous spectrum of colors by refraction

A type of monochromator most commonly used monochromator because it has better resolution.

A type of monochromator device that has small parallel grooves or slits and acts as prism (refract white light) and has slit (diffract it into several spectra)

Prism monochromator Principle

Diffraction Grating Monochromator Principle

A type of monochromator that has Colored glass or colored gelatin sandwiched between two glass plates

In TRANSMISSION FILTERS Light outside the transmission band is absorbed by the

The Band Pass of TRANSMISSION FILTERS

A type of monochromator that is Semi-transparent silver films on both sides of dielectric such as MgF. It is not expensive but precise

A type of monochromator that produces monochromatic light based on the principle of constructive interference of waves

An Internal Component of Spectro thatControls the width of light beam (bandpass)- allows , only narrow fraction of the spectrum to reach tha sample cuvette

An Internal Component of Spectro with an Internal Dimension of 1 Cm that holds the solution in which the absorption is to be measured

In Paper Chromatography paper is composed of cellulose; the matrix of cellulose is bound to water

In Paper Chromatography carries the sample through a bed

A Chromatography Uses a flat sheet of chromatographic material

Analysis based on colors and positions

Analysis remove spots and extract

Chromatography Separation is based on electrical charge

This capture anions

This capture cations

Thin Layer Chromatography Solid SupporT water bound to

Thin Layer Chromatography Mobile Phase

Separation is based on differences in molecular size

Gel Filtration Stationary phase

Gel Filtration Mobile phase

general types of Gas Chromatography based on partition

general types of Gas Chromatography based on adsorption

Gas Chromatography Mobile Phase