Factors affecting enzyme activity

Factor affecting enzyme acitvity which helps stabilize the enzyme substrate complex

The more optimal the energy interactions, the____the binding.

Factor affecting enzyme activity which substrate must have a chemical structure compatible with the enzyme active site

Molecular compatibility involves

Models explaining enzyme substrate binding

Enzymes active site has a specific fixed shape that exactly matches the substrates shape

Lock and key model explains

Lock and key model is proposed by

More accepted theory which enzymes active site is flexible and changes shape upon substrate binding

This model enhances binding stability and catalytic efficiency by improving complementary dynamically and explains hopw enzymes can sometimes accomodate structurally related substrates with slight variations

Induced fit model is proposed by

Factor affecting enzyme acttivity which susbtrate must fit physically into the enzymes active site as geometry and size of the active site limit substrates binding

Factors affecting enzyme activity which enzymes exhibit substrate specificity, meaning they selectively bind certain substrates

Specificity depends on

Types of specificity

Specificity which enzymes acts on only one specific substrate and catalyzes only one specific reaction

Example of absolute specificity enzyme

Specificity which enzyme acts on substrates that have a specific functional group or a c'mon chemical group

Example group specificity enzyme

Specificity which the enzyme distinguishes between different stereoisomers of a substrate

Example of stereospecific enzyme

Lactate dehydrogenase acts only in what lactate isomer

Factors influencing the enzyme reaction

Refers to the rate or duration of the enzymatic activity

If the enzyme has high catalytic efficiency, the reaction time is___

A longer reaction time may suggest

Refers to the rate of enzymatic reaction which described by the michaelis menten kinetics usually visualized through the michaelis menten curve

Enzyme reaction genrally ___with increasing substrate concentration up to a certain limit

A graphical representatioin of how reaction velocity changes with varying substrate concentration is held constant

What are the 2 phases of michaelis menten curve

Occurs at low substrate concentration as enzyme concentration is fixed and substrate is varied

In first order kinetics, the rate of reaction is _____to substrate concentration

Occurs when substrate concentration is very high and the enzyme becomes saturated when VMAX is reached

In zero order kinetic, adding moe substrate ____the reaction rate

The reaction rate is constant and depends only on enzyme concentration

The plateau or the maximum velocity of michaeis menten curve is known as

Factors affecting enzyme reaction which explains driect relationship as increase in enzyme concentration results to an increase in the catalytic activity

The range at which enzymes are most active

Optimum temperature for human enzymes

Optimum temperature for enzyme

Refers to the reaction rate which approximately doubles until the enzyme reaches its optimum temperature

Q10 value doubles for every

Temperature where enzymes lose functionality due to denaturation

The ph at which enzymatic activity is highest often depending on the enzyme and its environment

pH is also known as

Enzyme where it is active in a acidic environment

What ph is pepsin active at

What ph is alkaline phosphatase active

Enhances enzymatic activity by aiding the interaction between the enzyme and substrate

Mechanism of activators

Mechanism of Activator which acts like a magnet

Mechanism of activator which guides enzyme approaching to the active site

Examples of activators

Reduces or completely block enzyme activity by interfering with the enzyme substrate interaction

What are the forms of inhibitors

Types of inhibition

Examples of inhibitors

Form of inhibition which mimics the substrate and competes for the enzymes active site

Form of inhibition which effect can be overcome by increasing substrate concentration

Form of inhibition whihc inhibitor binds to the allosteric site altering the enzymes shape and reducing its activity

Form of inhibition which effect cannot be overcome by increasing substraet concentration

Form of inhibition which wait for the ES complex before bind and prevent formation of product

Form of inhibition which inhibitor binds only to the enzyme substrate complex peventing the reaction from proceeding

Form of inhibition which effect decreases both the maximum reaction rate VMAX and the apparent affinity of the enzyme for the the substrate KM

Type of inhibition whihc inhibitors can be removed form the enzyme allowing the enzyme to regain its full capacity

Type of inhibition which has no permanent damage to the enzyme

Reversible inhibition is typically

Type of inhibition which inhibitors permanently inactivate the enzyme by covalently bonding to it

Type of inhibition which structural modification prevents the enzyme from performing its catalytic function

Example of inhibitor when substrate concentration is extremely high, it can lead to competition among substrate molecules for the same active site which temporarily reduce the reaction rate due to crowding effects

Example of excess substrate inhibitor

Example of inhibitor which act as a feedback inhibitor by binding to the enzyme and preventing further reactions

Example of inhibitor result of product of the reaction

Examples of chemical substances as inhibitors

Irreversible inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the electron transport chain

Inhibits bacterial transpeptidase disrupting cell wall synthesis

Refers to the disruption of the enzyme's three-dimensional structure, which is essential for its catalytic activity affecting enzyme's active site making it incapable of binding to substrates effectively.

Types of characteristics of enzyme denaturation

Type of Enzyme of denaturation which restoration of the enzyme's structure and activity is possible

Type of Enzyme denaturation which happen when prolong denaturation beyond 50-60C weaken bonds

Enumerate denaturing conditions

Denaturing condition which weakens hydrogen bonds and other stabilizing forces in the enzyme, causing unfolding.

Denaturing condition which disrupts ionic and hydrogen bonds, altering the enzymes folding.

Denaturing condition which can break covalent bonds and disrupt the enzyme's structure.

Denaturing condition which introducces air causing protein denaturation through mechanical stress and exposure interfaces

Denaturing condition disrupting ionic bonds precipitating proteins leading to structural instability

Denaturing condition refering to physical forces like vigorous shaking or blending can distrupt weak bonds and cause denaturation

Denaturing conditon refering to substances like urea, gunaindine hydrochloride or organic solvents distrupting hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic bonds