General Principles

Tameyra Stefani Al-Suhairy · 44問 · 1年前

通報

問題一覧

study of substances that interact with living systems to produce an effect

Pharmacology

– drugs used in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases

Pharmacotherapeutics

unaltered state

Pharmacognosy

compares the value of 1 pharmaceutical drug or drug therapy to another; evaluates cost and effects to guide optimal healthcare resource allocation

Pharmacoeconomics

fate of drug in the body depends in certain cases upon a discrete genetic trait

Pharmacogenomics

4 Physical properties of a drug:

physical nature of a drug, drug size, chemical forces, shape

2 basic pharmacologic concepts

Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics

body → drug - “ dose - concentration” relationship

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics 4 processes

absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

how a drug transverses the plasma membrane

Permeation

factors: size of the organ, blood flow, solubility, binding

Distribution

can be overcome by increasing the concentration of the agonist

competitive antagonist

cannot be overcome; unavailable

irreversible antagonist

drug counters the effect of another by binding the drug and blocking its action; (dimecaprol and heavy metals)

chemical antagonist

drug counters the effect of another by binding to another receptor, causing opposing effect; (steroids and insulin; histamine and omeprazole)

dimecaprol and heavy metals)

chemical antagonist

steroids and insulin; histamine and omeprazole)

physiologic antagonist

drugs that bind with the receptor and prevents a drug agonist from binding and activating the receptor ; does not inactivate the receptor

Pharmacologic antagonists

do not have to bind with the drug to produce a maximal effect; maximal effect is produced with less than maximal occupation of the receptors

spare receptors

response to low dose increases in direct proportion to dose;

Concentration effect curve

transduction process that occurs between occupancy of the receptors and drug response

Receptor-effector coupling

drugs that activate the receptor by binding to it

full agonists

drugs that bind with a receptor but produce a smaller effect at full dosage than a full agonist even when it has saturated the receptors

partial agonists

when the response of a particular receptor-effector system is measured against increasing concentrations of a drug (graph of the response vs. drug concentration or dose)

Graded dose response

EC50) – amount of a drug needed to produce a given effect

pharmacologic potency

Emax)– extent or degree of an effect that can be achieved by the patient

maximal efficacy

when the minimum dose required to produce a specified response is determined by each member of the population margin of safety ; indicates variability of responsiveness;

Quantal dose effect response

↓ responsiveness due to continued drug administration

Tolerance

rapid, diminishing responsiveness after initial administration

Tachyphylaxis

if drug product contain the same active ingredient(s), are of the same dosage form, route of administration and are identical in strength and concentration

Pharmaceutical equivalent

only if the drug is a pharmaceutical equivalent and if they can be expected to have the same clinical effect and safety profile when administered to patients under the condition specified in the labeling

Therapeutic equivalent

right drug, right dose, right patient, bad effect”

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADRs)

1 drug is altered by the action of another When combined, would either increase or decrease the effectiveness of 1 or both drugs

Drug Interaction

instruction to the patient

Signa

instruction to the pharmacist/pharmacy

Subscription

Generic name, Brand name (optional), Drug Strength and Preparation

Inscription

take thou”

Superscription rx

bind and activate the receptor

Agonist

Antagonist

bind to a receptor, compete with and prevent binding by other molecules

Allosteric

bind to the same receptor molecule

drug →body - “ Concentration-effect” relationship

Pharmacodynamics

binds with a drug w/out initiating events leading to any of the drug’s effects; buffers concentration gradient that drives diffusion (albumin and α1-acid glycoprotein)

inert binding site

recognition site; specific binding region that initiates drug effect

active site

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HEPATOTROPHIC

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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

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RX WRITING

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QUIZ CC 1

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Quiz CNS

Quiz ANS

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Quiz General principles

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INTRO

INTRO

Quiz routes of administration

Quiz routes of administration

HEMODYNAMICS, COAGULATION CASCADES, THROMBOSIS SHOCK PATHOLOGY

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QUIZ Dentin Pulp

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INTRO

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PERIODONTIUM

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WEEK 4 TB

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