Saliva and salivary glands

76問 • 1年前

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term applied to the accumulated excretory and secretory products which is a viscous fluid discharged by the salivary glands into the oral and vestibular cavities, by the major and minor ducts.

SALIVA

Hypotonic fluid relative to plasma

SALIVA

Average slightly acid

6.8

quantity of saliva that secreted per day.

750 ml

produced saliva by submandibular glands

60% to 70%

produced saliva by parotid

25% to 35%

produced saliva by sublingual glands

5% or less

5 inorganic Constituents

Sodium (Na+), Chloride (Cl-), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Potassium (K+), Phosphate

5 Nitrogenous Compound

Amino acids, Peptides, Creatinine, Uric Acid, Urea

5 proteins

amylase or ptyalin, lysozymes, Glycoproteins, IgA, Blood protein traces

obtained directly from the gland. clear, colorless fluid.

pure saliva

frothy and opalescent fluid containing water, protein, mineral salts, ptyalin, mucin, food particles, desquamated epithelial cells, and salivary corpuscles.

mixed saliva

Results from sight or smell of food or from stimulating material of the oral cavity.

active saliva

occurs in absence of excitation.

Resting Saliva

Ability to be drawn out into long elastic threads.

Spinnbarkeit

sticky

Viscosity

power to resist change in the pH when acid or alkali are added to a solution.

Buffering power

bicarbonate, phosphate and protein

Buffering power

Chemical reaction in w/c compounds with a high molecular weight are reduce to a compound of lower molecular weight.

Reducing power

4 properties of saliva

Spinnbarkeit, Viscosity, Buffering power, Reducing power

no change in cytoplasm of the gland.

merocrine

secretion passes the duct

exocrine

important for metabolism because they play an important part in modification, absorption, utilization and excretion of food substances.

salivary glands

transform and secrete materials coming from the circulatory fluid of the body

Primary function

to excrete certain substances.

Secondary function

3 major glands (extrinsic glands)

Parotid, Submandibular (submaxillary), Sublingual

2 Minor Glands (intrinsic glands)

Labial, Buccal

Parotid

Stensen’s;Serous

Submandibular

Wharton’s; mainly Serous

Sublingual; mixed (mainly mucous)

Bartholin’s (major)/ Ravinian (minor)

Labial

Mixed (mainly mucous)

anterior lingual

Mixed (mainly mucous)

posterior lingual

Mucous

buccal

Mixed (predominantly mucous)

Von Ebner ‘s gland

Serous

Palatine

Mucous

Glossopalatine

Mucous

5 DUCT SYSTEM OF THE SALIVARY GLAND

Terminal secretory end pieces – acinar cells, Intercalated ducts, Striated cells, Main excretory duct, Oral cavity

3 FACTORS AFFECTING FLOW RATE

Type of salivary gland, Nature of the stimulation, Duration of the stimulation

the removal of food that enters the mouth

oral clearance

is the time taken either to clear the substances from the mouth or to reduce to a very low concentration

Oral Clearance Rate

ability of the saliva to maintain the pH when exposed to acid

SALIVA BUFFER CAPACITY

3 important buffer system in human being

Bicarbonate, phosphate, protein

Main buffer system in human saliva •Most effective as a buffer at pH 6 •Contribution to the overall buffer capacity

BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM

percentage of unstimulated saliva BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM

percentage of stimulated saliva BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM

90%

Most effective as buffer at pH 6.8

PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM

-50% in unstimulated saliva -minor contribution for the stimulated saliva

PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM

Most effective as a buffer at pH value of less than 5

PROTEIN BUFFER SYSTEM

Some salivary pH increase the viscosity of the saliva when the pH becomes acidic to cover and physically protect the teeth against acid load

PROTEIN BUFFER SYSTEM

decrease in salivary function

Hypofunction

increase in salivary function

Hyperfunction

Any change in the quantitative and/or qualitative change in output of SALIVA

SALIVARY GLAND DYSFUNCTION

Genuine salivary hyperfunction

Sialorrhoea

Cerebral palsy Parkinson’s disease Mentally handicapped patient Neuroleptic medications in adults

Drooling

common condition in people with underlying disease or those who take certain medication

SALIVARY GLAND HYPOFUNCTION

term based on objective measures of the saliva production

Hyposalivation

decrease salivary flow rate change in composition

xerostomia

Calcified masses within the salivary duct (saliva stones ) •Asymptomatic and unilateral

SIALOLITHS

Bacterial sialadenitis relatively rare condition usually in elderly who have reduced salivary flow due to systemic disease

SIALADENITIS

Characterized by acute tender swelling of the salivary gland Mumps is the most common form

SIALADENITIS

HIV / AIDS, epidemic parotitis

infections

Diabetes mellitus, hyper/hypothryoidism

Hormonal disorders

Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s Syndrome, sarcoidosis

Autoimmune disease

Cystic fibrosis, ectodermal dysplasia

Hereditary disorders

Malnutrition, eating disturbance, bulimia, anorexia nervosa, dehydration

Metabolic disturbances

4 SALIVARY GLAND TUMOR

parotid, submandibular, sublingual, minor

lead cadmium copper

pollutants

Caused by mucosal irritation or Idiopathic

Sialorrhoea

Salivary glands of man are classified according to the nature of secretion

Exocrine

Salivary glands of man are classified according to the behavior of glands

Merocrine

the composition of saliva depends strongly on the flow rate

true

Normal daily production of saliva

0.5 to 1.5 liters

Ph of saliva acidity

5.6

ph of saliva alkalinity

7.6

ph of saliva average slightly acid /neutral

6.8

Sporeformers

Tameyra Stefani Al-Suhairy · 44問 · 1年前

Sporeformers