ANESTHESIA

Anesthesia

General Anesthetics

General Anesthetics

Local Anesthetics

Local Anesthetics

Local Anesthetics

rapid onset ; long duration, non-irritating, no permanent damage, low systemic toxicity, effective

aromatic acid

amine group

Local anesthetic

Autonomics, Temperature, Pain, Touch, Deep pressure, Motor function

esters

amides

Etidocaine

Cocaine

procaine

chloroprocaine

tetracaine

Benzocaine, Tetracaine, Dyclonine, Chlorobutanol, Cocaine, lidocaine/prilocaine

Reduce toxic effects, Prolong and increase depth of anesthesia, Hemostatic

Analgesia

Excitement/ Delirium

Surgical Anesthesia

Medullary Paralysis

stage 3 Surgical Anesthesia plane 3 completion ICM paralysis

breathing - loss of eye movement

initiation of IC muscle paralysis

completion ICM paralysis

diaphragmatic paralysis

From Anesthesia machine to Alveoli

From Arterial Blood to Brain

gaseous, volatile

nitrous oxide, cyclopropane

Halothane, Isoflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Methoxyflurane, Desflurane

Ether, Chloroform

Pulmonary phase

Pulmonary phase

Circulatory or Distribution Phase

Solubility in blood & tissues, Blood flow

Tissue/ Brain, Blood, Lungs, Anesthesia machine

Rapid & pleasant induction & recovery, Rapid changes in depth of anesthesia, Adequate relaxation of smooth muscle, Absence of toxic effect, Wide margin of safety

Systemic toxicity, Neural damage, Skeletal muscle, Idiosyncratic reactions, Allergic phenomena

Topical/ Surface application, Local Infiltration, Nerve Block, Spinal or Intrathecal injection, Epidural, Caudal

no permanent damage to nerves, non-irritating to tissues, low systemic toxicity, effective, rapid onset but long duration

Intradermal

Caudal

Infiltration

Epidural

Spinal/ intrathecal

Topical

Analgesia

LOCAL ANESTHETICS

plasma and liver

metabolite: PABA

Liver

chlorobutanol

cocaine hci

benzocaine

tetracaine hci