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ANESTHESIA

  • Tameyra Stefani Al-Suhairy

    • 問題数 66 • 9/25/2024

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    Loss of consciousness Adequate muscle relaxation

    Anesthesia

  • 2

    Reversible loss of consciousness Loss of CNS activity

    General Anesthetics

  • 3

    Inhalational anesthesia Intravenous anesthesia

    General Anesthetics

  • 4

    No loss of consciousness Reversible loss of pain sensation

    Local Anesthetics

  • 5

    Amides Esters

    Local Anesthetics

  • 6

    MOA: block nerve conduction

    Local Anesthetics

  • 7

    local anesthetics properties 5

    rapid onset ; long duration, non-irritating , no permanent damage, low systemic toxicity, effective

  • 8

    (lipophilic/hydrophobic)

    aromatic acid

  • 9

    hydrophilic

    amine group

  • 10

    EXCRETION: liver

    Local anesthetic

  • 11

    Order of disappearance of function 6

    Autonomics, Temperature, Pain, Touch, Deep pressure, Motor function

  • 12

    Cocaine Chloroprocaine Procaine Tetracaine

    esters

  • 13

    Lidocaine Dibucaine Bupivacaine Prilocaine Mepivacaine Etidocaine

    amides

  • 14

    rapid onset, long duration dental practice

    Etidocaine

  • 15

    First anesthetic used in dentistry vasoconstricting properties

    Cocaine

  • 16

    Slow onset of arterial spasm 2O to intraarterial basic injection

    procaine

  • 17

    short acting, fast onset Not very potent

    chloroprocaine

  • 18

    long acting, potent spinal anesthesia

    tetracaine

  • 19

    6 LOCAL ANESTHETICS for surface applications

    Benzocaine, Tetracaine, Dyclonine , Chlorobutanol, Cocaine, lidocaine/prilocaine

  • 20

    3 Role of vasoconstrictors

    Reduce toxic effects, Prolong and increase depth of anesthesia, Hemostatic

  • 21

    stage 1 gen anesthesia

    Analgesia

  • 22

    stage 2 gen anesthesia

    Excitement/ Delirium

  • 23

    Stage 3 general anesthesia

    Surgical Anesthesia

  • 24

    Stage 4 gen anesthesia

    Medullary Paralysis

  • 25

    ideal stage for surgery

    stage 3 Surgical Anesthesia plane 3 completion ICM paralysis

  • 26

    stage 3 plane 1

    breathing - loss of eye movement

  • 27

    stage 3 plane 2

    initiation of IC muscle paralysis

  • 28

    Stage 3 plane 3

    completion ICM paralysis

  • 29

    Plane 4 stage 3

    diaphragmatic paralysis

  • 30

    Inspired anesthetic concentration ( inspired partial pressure ) Alveolar ventilation ( pulmonary ventilation )

    From Anesthesia machine to Alveoli

  • 31

    Blood:brain partition coefficient Tissue Blood Flow Arterial-to-Venous partial pressure differenc

    From Arterial Blood to Brain

  • 32

    2 inhalation anesthetics

    gaseous, volatile

  • 33

    2 gaseous anesthetics

    nitrous oxide, cyclopropane

  • 34

    Volatile anesthetics 6 Halogenated

    Halothane, Isoflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Methoxyflurane, Desflurane

  • 35

    Volatile anesthetics 2 NON Halogenated

    Ether, Chloroform

  • 36

    Concentration of the anesthetic agent in the inspired gas

    Pulmonary phase

  • 37

    Transfer of anesthetic gases from alveoli to blood

    Pulmonary phase

  • 38

    Solubility - tissue:blood partition coefficient Tissue Blood Flow

    Circulatory or Distribution Phase

  • 39

    2 Factors affecting rate of Elimination

    Solubility in blood & tissues, Blood flow

  • 40

    Flow of anesthetic during elimination:

    Tissue/ Brain , Blood, Lungs, Anesthesia machine

  • 41

    5 Ideal Characteristics of Inhalational Anesthetics:

    Rapid & pleasant induction & recovery, Rapid changes in depth of anesthesia, Adequate relaxation of smooth muscle, Absence of toxic effect, Wide margin of safety

  • 42

    5 Adverse Effects

    Systemic toxicity, Neural damage, Skeletal muscle, Idiosyncratic reactions, Allergic phenomena

  • 43

    6 Techniques of anesthesia

    Topical/ Surface application, Local Infiltration, Nerve Block, Spinal or Intrathecal injection, Epidural, Caudal

  • 44

    5 Properties of desirable L.A.

    no permanent damage to nerves, non-irritating to tissues, low systemic toxicity , effective, rapid onset but long duration

  • 45

    Injecting under the skin refers to

    Intradermal

  • 46

    involves injection into the caudal or subcaudal canal (a specific part of the epidural space near the tailbone).

    Caudal

  • 47

    Direct injection into tissue

    Infiltration

  • 48

    Injection of a local anesthetic into the extradural space.

    Epidural

  • 49

    Injecting of a local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space,

    Spinal/ intrathecal

  • 50

    Placing a drug on the surface of the skin or a mucous membrane.

    Topical

  • 51

    Systemic toxicity

  • 52

    Neural damage

  • 53

    Skeletal muscle

  • 54

    Idiosyncratic reactions

  • 55

    Allergic phenomena

  • 56

    Loss of sensation to pain

    Analgesia

  • 57

    Mechanism of Action: block nerve conduction

    LOCAL ANESTHETICS

  • 58

    Local anesthetic

  • 59

    Local anes metabolism: ester

    plasma and liver

  • 60

    Local anes metabolism: esterases

    metabolite: PABA

  • 61

    Local anes metabolism: amide

    Liver

  • 62

    Weak anesthetic → obtundent dressing to relieve acute pulpitis postextraction wound pain

    chlorobutanol

  • 63

    Benzoic acid ester No place in routine dentistry practice

    cocaine hci

  • 64

    Methemoglobinemia procaine derivative

    benzocaine

  • 65

    cetacaine ester derivative of p-aminobenzoic acid 10 X more toxic & potent than procaine

    tetracaine hci

  • 66

    has a ketone moiety tissue irritation on injection Lozenge

    dyclonine