theories on crime and deviance -1

our capitalist economy is structured to serve interest of the ruling class

criminogenic capitalism, the state and law making, ideological functions of crime and law

capitalism causes crime, so we will always have crime if there is capitalise on

people do non-utilitarian crime due to a result of their frustration and anger because of capitalism, capitalism encourages, greed and self interest. as there will always be someone that is more wealthier than them or want more due to greed. (this explains white collar crime)

A crime committed by a person of respectability and a high social status in the course of their occupation

Gordon

making laws and enforcement services, attend to the needs of the ruling class or the interests of workers

Health and safety laws at work. Marxist would say these laws are used to keep the workers returning to work the next day and is know as the ‘caring face of capitalism’.

that laws to protect private property or the cornerstone of the capitalist economy (as private property keeps economy going as it is were most peoples wealth is especially true for the ruling class)

Chambilss

some laws are passed for the benefit of the working-class, e.g. health and safety laws. Marxist re-criticise this, because they believe that it gives the capitalism, a caring face and creates false class consciousness. (Pearce), Criminals are often portrayed as 'disturbed' by the media rather than reveal the role that capitalism has in making people criminals

doesn’t explain, high crime rates in ethnic countries ignores non-class inequality, To deterministic. Do all poor people commit crime?, Japan, which is a capitalist country has the lowest crime rate. murder rate are five times less than in the USA

Supports the labelling theory, with regards to delinquency and crime rates, explains why crime is committed in a capitalist society

People choose to commit crimes in a capitalist society and our active players

true

Both say that capitalism exploits the working class and create inequality in wealth and then this the courses crime, Say that laws are created to benefit the ruling class, Agree that society should be classless (communist) and this would then diminish crime

Neo Marxists, reject the deterministic approach, anomie, sub cultures, labelling, biological and psychological approach, Neo Marxists have a voluntaristic (free will) criminals choose to commit crime. The motivation is often political and they are trying to bring about change., In a classless society, people should be free and diverse living life as they like

Taylor Walton and Young

The wider origins of the deviant act (the criminologists first, need to understand the ways in which wealth and power are distributed in society), The immediate origins of the deviant act - he, or she must consider the particular circumstances surrounding the decision of the individual to commit an act of deviance, The actual act - it is necessary to consider the deviant act itself in order to discover its meaning for the person concerned, The immediate origins of the social reaction - the criminologist should consider in what ways, other members of society react to the deviance, Is the wider origins of social reaction- the reaction that needs to be explained in terms of social structure. This means that the researcher should attempt to discover who has the power in society to make the rules, and to explain why some deviant acts are treated more severely than others, The fact of labelling - is it necessary to study the effect of deviant labels

Feminist would say that Neo Marxists view is gender blind as capitalism fails to explain why men or domestic violent towards women, Critics say that near Marxist create working-class legends, e.g. Robin Hood fighting the state and giving money to the poor, but most of their crime is committed against the poor (critics are left realism), Right realism say it ignores the effects on working-class victims as it puts working-class in more poverty

It gives us an interaction list view of what causes crime e.g. being free, willing choice, but the capitalist society having an effect on this. So it doesn’t just pinpoint one reason for crimes.

Durkheim

boundary maintenance, adaption to change

it is a public reaction that brings members of society together as they condemn and shamed the criminal. it is also away people can learn the correct behaviour by seeing these punishments

Some crimes can tell us what is wrong with society and it allows society know that they need to make room for individuals with new ideas. An example of this is the suffragettes movement.

Cohen supports his idea of boundary maintenance with his folk Devil idea., Support for adoption in change. Is it correct in saying that crime is beneficial for adaption and change this can be seen in the suffragette movement, causing adaption and change to allow women to have rights and vote

boundary maintenance doesn’t bring everyone together and can cause isolation of the target groups of society, Cissorol (labelling theory) boundary, maintenance in the media creates more crime rather than preventing it. as people with the same labels is the criminals made for fill the label, they have been given in the media, For adaption and change dark, I’m does an elaborate on how much crime is needed for the good of society., some people may take part in crime because they want to create adaption and change

Merton

Firstly, was people were socialised into the American dream, where they were told if they worked hard, they would succeed, but this left many people with an equal opportunities which caused them to commit crime due to the unequal opportunities

structural factors, cultural factors

The individual having an equal opportunity structure to succeed

having more emphasis on achievement, but not the legitimate way of getting it

How his initial theory of the strain theory affects people differently

conformity (they accept cultural goals and work to achieve them legitimately), innovation (except goals of financial success. Use new illegal means to achieve e.g. theft or fraud, ritualism (gives up the achieved goals, but except legal means so follow his rules for own sake), retreatism (rejects both goals and means e.g dropouts), rebellion (rejects existing goals and means by creating new ones to make new society)

it begins to explain WC crime and explains utilitarian crimes., his perception of anomie is more in depth explanation than Durkheim’s, explains the rise of crime that happened in Thatcher’s Britain due to excessive individualism

It is too deterministic as why don’t all working-class commit crime is then, not everyone strives for money, so doesn’t explain non-utilitarian crimes, crimes are often collective, so it doesn’t explain this and not all crimes are for financial ones

when walls become weekend and less obvious. Collective conscious is weakened, and this leads to deviant behaviour

He sorted the meaning to a society where there is a disjunction between goals and the means of achieving it

Cohen

not all crimes are due to economic gain that or because of their status frustration. as lower classes are unable to achieve legitimately (education system) so sub cultures offer an alternative status hierarchy which they can achieve through things like vandalism and fighting

Explains non-utilitarian crimes as they offer a route to gain status so explains why they do nonutilitarian crimes

Did they accept the middle-class goals and reject them when they didn’t work or didn’t they except them to start with so don’t see themselves as failures

Cloward and Ohlin

As the working-class have no opportunity to succeed in a middle-class domain, they see committing deviance as the only opportunity. But when they go to the criminal world, they also don’t succeed

criminal subculture, conflict subculture, retreatist subculture

organise crime, e.g. the mafia, where Korea criminals can socialise youths into their own criminal career that might result in material or financial success

no illegitimate opportunity, structure and limited social cohesion so have no established pattern of adult crime. so get frustrated and angry so develop violent gang culture to achieve status and respect from peers

They are double failures, they didn’t achieve success through, legitimate or illegitimate, means, nor through criminal or conflict of subcultures