Control, punishment and victims

To reduce crime -It makes an example of criminal ‘Short sharp shock’ strategy of Thatcher’s government. rehabilitation reforms so that criminals don’t offend again E.G education in prison incapacitation remove the opportunity for criminals to offend again E.G prison, cutting off hands, retribution (revenge) offenders deserve to be punished society needs revenge due to moral breach

Societies can only exist if members share common values and a collective consciousness. A legal system is the putting in place to create boundaries so needs to uphold solidarity and share reinforced values

punishment is apart of the repressive state apparatus. protecting property of the upper class from the lower class, maintaining class inequality

prison reflects capitalisms exploitation of production e.g prisoners repay that society, prison, and capitalism have similar systems such as loss of freedom

Social controls and prison, being a metaphor for how all of us are controlled and watched E.G CCTV

he argues that discipline in society was like that of a panopticon illusion. originating from Jeremy Bentham’s panopticon design for prisons(Which was unrealistic in its original form, but nonetheless Influential) in the panopticon I sing la God can watch over many prisoners, but guards can’t be seen. Through this Foucault writes that modern society exercises, its controlling system of the power and knowledge, so we are all becoming prisoners

he illustrates Disciplinary power with the panopticon. The prisoners don’t know if or when they are being watched as a result, they will have to behave all the time so surveillance turns into self surveillance and discipline ties into self discipline

In Covid used, CCTV and cameras to ensure people were following the rules, It is supported by self-discipline, as if you see someone punished for an action you were going to do, As technology has advanced, it has to more surveillance of what we do, Supported by Donzelot, where he says the family is being controlled through policies (Link of policies and families with punishment and crime and deviance)

Things like cameras can be used to ensure protection through crimes being reported, are more likely to find the criminals if they’re CCTV, right realists say it will help to reduce crime and deal with crime so that people feel safe

60% of those who leave prison go onto offend again

Offenders were previously seen as having offended against God and others how in prison before their punishment. The aim of punishment/prison is now to bring a person back into society

UK and USA are moving to an era of mass incarceration. Ideological function locking away. Larger groups of people, e.g. unemployed makes capitalism look good.

broken window, theory refers to the disorderly neighbourhoods with an absence of formal social control (Police) And informal control(Community). The police are mainly concerned with serious crimes and turn a blind eye this behaviour, Wilson and Kelling say a method of environmental crime prevention is that the police need to crack down and tackle any form of disorder and repair any any disorderly signs in the neighbourhood E.G graffiti

Shift the emphasis from policing to potential offenders and their social context

It was an attempt to do the idea of performing social and community crime prevention with a group of young disadvantaged black children who were offered a two year Intellectual enrichment program that aim to reduce criminality in the future.

It was a longitudinal study of 123 children that were randomly divided into groups, one group had The program and the other was the control group that did not. The activities of the people undergone the program was active learning involvement in making and problem-solving. Also had one and a half hour teacher sessions at home. Mum was involved in educational processes and helped implement the curriculum at home.

The study monitored, the achievement, motivation and social behaviour of the children from ages 3 to 41. With 97% of the study sample remaining. The findings at 40 were fewer lifetime arrests for violent property or drugs and more graduated from high school and in employment.

Clarke suggested situation crime prevention a pre-emotive approach that relies on not improving society or its institutions, but simply on reducing opportunities for crime

directed at specific crimes, manage or alter the immediate environment of the crime increase the effect and risk of committing crimes and reduce its rewards, increase the effect/difficulty. increasing the risk and reducing the rewards means the target is harder to measure, This theory assumes that crime acts, rationally, and way up the cost and benefits of a crime opportunity before deciding whether to commit it

Felson (2002) observed designing out measures being used in the New York Port Authority Bus Terminal. The bathroom areas were used for drug dealing, baggage thefts, rough sleeping, and sexual encounters. The bathroom sinks were made smaller to prevent homeless people from bathing in them.

Situational crime prevention does not reduce crime it just this place is it after all, if criminals are rational thinkers, they will respond to target hardening in a way of moving to where targets are softer, Chaiken - a crackdown on the New York subway increased on the streets, Displacement takes several forms Spiral-Moving somewhere else temporal -Committing a different time Target-Choosing a different victim tactical-Using a different method

Success on situational methods, 1960s, half of suicides were from gas which was highly toxic. the gas supply was replaced with natural gas which is less toxic 1997 suicide from gassing almost 0 and suicide rate had fallen. In this case, there was no displacement.

The new labour was elected in 1997, one of it slogans was tough on crime, tough and cause of crime. The new labour introduced ASBOS, Acceptable behaviour contacts(ABCs) Parenting contracts, on the spot find curfew and community support officers. Community support, officers supported the police

Positivist Victimology, Critical victimology

peoplecontributing towards their likelihood of victimisation because of exerting particular characteristics and behaviours. Von Henrig identified 13 characteristics of victims, E.G women, elderly and mentally subordinate the types of people they are invites victimisation

Structural factors are important in explaining why some people are more prone to victimisation than others. this can be due to things like patriarchy and poverty.