gender 2

Freud contended that boys and girls acquire gender identity by learning to negotiate desires for the opposite sex parent and by eventually identifying with the same-sex parent.

3 to 6 years gender development occurs in the phallic stage prior to this there is no concept of gender identity. Pre-phallic children described as bisexual as they are neither masculine or feminine. Stage where Oedipus or electric complex occurs

in the phallic stage boys go through the Oedipus complex. where boys develop incestuous feelings to mother. a jealous/murderer hatred for father who prevents possessing mother. recognise his father as more powerful and Theo has been castrated for his feelings, causing castration anxiety. So then resolve conflict by identifying with the aggressor (father)

they gone through the Electra complex, where they experience, penis, envy and blame mother for not having a penis, and for standing in the way of the relationship with father. but then resolves and replaces this penis by the desire to have children and realise that they need to identify themselves with mum

the child first identifys with the same sex parent as a way to over come conflict. then they internalise so take on board of gender identity of this parent

Freud case study, explains oedipus complex. Hans A five-year-old boy with a phobia of horses as he saw a horse collapse/Diana Street. Freud stated that this via actually represented hands fear of castration as the horse represented/resembled his father. This is unconscious displacement of fear

research doesn’t support the Oedipus complex. Criticisms for for his use of little hands case study. Blakemore and Hill - Boys with liberal fathers are more secure in their masculine identity than harsh fathers. This challenges Freud, who said harsh Fathers create robust sense of gender identity due to more anxiety which would mean that would be more identification with their aggressor, in adequate account for female development. Freud admitted women were a mystery to him theorising female development actually done by Carl Jung. Saying men had penis, envy It’s just an example of Victorian patriarchy sexism. also, that females, wanting to be like men is an androcentric assumption. also, Karen Horney said men, experience, womb, envy, I never disadvantage for this explanation is it disincorporated counts non-nuclear families. Freud theory relies on two opposite gendered parents and assume that a non-nuclear family would have an adverse effect on development. But Golombok Found the children in single parent families developed normal, gender, identities, contradicting what Freud says

social learning theory states all behaviour as a result of learning/observation, and that our environment has a role in shaping gender identity

Children are rewarded for gender appropriate behaviour. Children are encouraged to Show distinctive gender appropriate behaviour Which is differential reinforcement. Children imitates what is reinforced.

It is indirect so If children see someone else get rewarded for gender appropriate behaviour they will do the same behaviour. E.G a girl wearing dress

Child identifies with someone like themselves, or with our rewarding status(role model) could be immediate figure or in the media crucially the same sex as the child. Modelling is precise demonstration of behaviour, imitated by observe that if rewarded

Attention, retention, Motivation, motor reproduction

there is supportive evidence, E.G Smith and Lloyd looked at 4 to 6 months babies half dressed as boys and half girls irrespective of their actual gender. They observe the interactions with adults and found that boys were encouraged to be adventurous. While girls were told they were pretty. showing gender appropriate behaviour is reinforced from an early age, The social learning theory also explains the changing gender roles in western society as in western society. People are more androgyny. Shift in social expectations and culture. New norms on gender behaviour forced. No change in biology over the years so changes can only be explained by the social learning theory.

It is not a developmental theory. Doesn’t explain how learning changes with age. Dubin- Child notes same sex behaviour at an early age but imitates them later. This is then supportive of Kolberg who states children ain’t active in Gender development until reaching consistency. Suggesting that the cognitive theories may be better explanation

if gender roles are consistent across cultures, it means that he has a innat nature/biological factor for that gender role, but if gender roles are different across cultures, it must be the result of social learning

Mead

studied communities in New Guinea

- Arapesh - what gentle and responsive (western stereotype of femininity) - Mundugumor - aggressive and hostile (Western stereotype of masculinity) - Tchmbuli- Women dominate, and in control of village, while men are considered decorative

Buss

similarities in mating preferences across 37 countries/all continents. Women saw men who could afford resources and wealth, and then sort young physical attractiveness

media provides role models. Children can identify with an imitate. They will choose those who are the same sex and show gender appropriate behaviour.

Furnham and Farragher’s study off TV adverts found that mainly men in professional roles and women in domestic sphere, self- efficacy- seeing gender appropriate behaviour gives children the belief that they can carry out the behaviour in the future

Correlation not causation it assumes media causes gender stereotypes to form that alternatively media reflects social norms about males and females. The majority of children are exposed to media/very often. Cannot form control groups So very difficult to study the Direction of media influences, imposed ethic research by Western psychologists on indigenous Communities. Berry et al Western assumptions of what is universal, can be meaningless when studying other cultures. for it not to be bias need to encounters the inclusion of at least one local of the research team, nature or nature ? Theoretically impossible to separate the two of them as socialisation begins as soon as a child is born so it’s difficult to see what is biological and what is social. Complex/consistent interaction between the two of them

an incongruence between biological sex and the gender, a person identifies with. Now identify as transgender and have gender reassignment surgery.

brain sex theory, genetic factors

They say GID Is caused by a dimorphic Brain structures (different in male and females)

Zhou

Found 40% larger bed, nucleus of the stria terminals. Did the post on examination of six male to female, transgender individuals and found a similar structure to that of the female brain

Gender identity may have a genetic basis in that, it may be transmitted from a parent to child via genes

Coolidge

they assessed 157 pairs of twins, (96 of them being MZ twins and 61 of them being DZ twins.) 2.3% with gender identity, disorder and sound that 62% of them were due to genetic variations

psychoanalytic theory, cognitive explanation

Males experience gender identity disorder due to extreme separation anxiety prior to forming a gender identity. Boys fantasise about symbiotic fusion with mother to relieve anxiety Therefore, they adopt female identity

Liben and Bigler’s jewel pathway theory. The first path looks at gender, schemas, and the personal pathway looks at how a child’s personal interests, E.G, the toys they want to play with become more dominant than their gender identity