Types of organisations

Troeltsch

Niebuhr

They are bureaucratic and closely linked to the state (they have a clear hierarchal power structure with paid officials are wealthy and have lots of power and influence in society), They are conservative (Churches are likely to accept the dominant norms of society and generally support the status quo-Help to maintain the current structure of society churches often support the state help to maintain the structure of society, They integrate with social and economic structures of society (Church members Play a full and active part in societal life), They are universalist with open membership (Church is welcome individuals from all parts of society and don’t require particular demonstrations of Faith from their followers just to believe), They tend to be it tolerant and hegemonic (They claimed to have the monopoly on the worlds truths), they make up the ecclesia of a country (According to Yinger A church should be defined as a part of the ecclesia (Organisation) of a particular country

They are bureaucratic, but do you have some division in authority and more democratic (denominations do not have a strict hierarchal structure and do not always have links with the state), They are generally conservative (Likely to accept dominant norms, but often have restrictions. E.g. alcohol, gambling are more concerned with every day morality than other worldly.), They integrate with social and economic structures of society (Denominations members play a full and active role in social life. They may have rejected a church.), They are universalist with open membership (despite being open, they tend to rely on self selection And family ties. They are hardly ever as social majority as they und represent the working class and upper class., They are tolerant of other denominations (They see themselves as one among many), they are well accommodating (They are often breakaway moments from main churches. They do reject the world or think another world is better. They simply get on with the state of the world and focus on spiral tree and religion rather than wildly affairs.

they are not bureaucratic and hierarchal, but are more egalitarian (Although they tend to have a charismatic leader, power tends to be shared, and distributed among Followers), They are radical in nature (They tend to reject the dominant norms of society and replaces Mainstream norms with their own beliefs and values), They are Withdrawal (Members are expected to withdraw from society and conversional life. sects Have tight control over their members and often live in Community in their own breakaway societies), They have Closed/controlled membership (They are self, selective usually family tradition, close neck, communities, hostile/suspicious of nonmembers. Often attract marginalised groups of people.), They are tolerant of others (They are exclusive rather than inclusive they make up and minority and tend to attract people from marginalised positions in society), They are well rejecting (sects Are highly critical of the outside world and demand significant life style changes from their followers. The members require high levels of commitment, and they often aim to create social change and conflict with the state

They argue that sects promised our members is a world benefits to those who have rejected what the world denies them E.G heaven examples of these groups are Amish and the peoples temple

conversionist - the world is evil and needs to be saved by converting people to the troop path, E.G the nation of Islam, revolutionist- for the end of the world or a second coming these are often referred to as millenarian movements E.G Jehovah’s Witnesses, seventh day, introversionist- withdraw from society, usually from separate societies, E.G the Amish and the Moonies, manipulationist - offer a set of teachings of rituals for success in life (like cults) E.G Kabbala, thaumaturgical - offers, miracles or magical healing from magical sources, E.G necromancy and astrology, Reformist - Desire change in society, but no necessary revolutionary E.G Quakerism

They have a loose structure (They tend to lack the rigid structure, E.G collective worship/strict dogmas That was a movements tend to have), They emphasis opportunity and success ( offer individual advancement through spiritual teaching), They expect followers to continue, living, normal lives (They have a little control over their members and encourage their followers to integrate with the world), They have open membership and are tolerant of other Religions(They are non-exclusive and membership is open. All their services are often sold as a service.), They attract higher class member (Members tend to have large incomes and are rarely from marginalised positions in society), They are world affirming (According to Walls “typology of religion organisations) cults are similar to self-help group therapy groups in that they offer success and betterment through spiritual teaching

Audience cult - More individuals are an organised, usually sustained through the media. E.G astrology, Client cult - more organised and provide a service to their clients, E.G spiritualism, Cultic movements - almost like sects offer spiritual and material rewards to the followers, E.G Scientology

How they see themselves the church, and sects Claim that they have the monopoly of truth. Denominations in courts, except that they can be many valid, different interpretations, How they are seen by why does society churches and Denominations are seen as respectable and legitimate, whereas cults and sects are seen deviant

memberships of churches may be dropping but affiliation With other Religious organisations are considered to have written. E.G, there has been a note that there may be as many as 25,000 New religious movements in Europe with 12,000 members residing in the UK

world affirming groups, world rejecting groups, world accommodating groups

- Usually Individualistic -Live in the real world, but try to find new ways to relate to it -Don’t restrict the lifestyle of its members -More common, among middle-aged, middle-class groups who are in search of a new more positive meaning -Generally lack church, ritual, worship or strong, ethical system -often more like therapy groups (these seek to offer their members spiritual enrichment. They often do not include beliefs in God, or generally make many demands) e.g Chuch of Scientology

-more orthodox -maintain some connection with mainstream religion -place value on religious life, E.G speaking in tongues -dismayed at the state of the world and the state of organised mainstream religion -example of world accommodating groups are Neo- Pentecostalism

-usually sects -Highly critical of the outside world -Demand specific commitment from their members -Strong, ethical codes -Exclusive group that often share possessions -Often millenarian (Believe in the second coming of Christ) an example of world rejecting groups are the Moonies

Authoritarianism, infallibility, programming, shunning, secret doctrines, promised ones, fire and brimstone

-large number of religions and therapies since the 1970s -Generally classed as world affirming As they focus on individual potential -Bruce identified the two main forms, Audience cults And client cults -Appears to all ages, but more to women

There is an estimated Over 800 new religious movements and over half 1 million people belong to these and other non-mainstream Christian churches in the UK

marginality, relative deprivation, social change

Weber says that sects have from society. The groups may feel they are privileged, and they are not receiving the economic rewards or social status. he continues to say that sects offer a solution to this problem by offering the members theodicy of disprivilege.

It is a religious explanation and justification for their suffering and disadvantage. This could explain their misfortune as a test of Faith. Many sects have recruited, marginalised, poor E.G the national of Islam, they recruited black Muslims.

In the 1960s the sect Like world rejecting new religious movements, like the Moonies have recruited more affluent groups often, while educated Young middle-class, white people, however Wallis Argues that this does not contradict what Weber is saying because many of these individuals had become marginalised to society, despite their middle-class origins, most were hippies, dropouts and drug users

Although middle-class people are materially well off, they feel spiritually deprived, especially in today’s materialistic consumer world, which could be perceived as impersonal and lacking in moral value, emotional warmth, or authenticity. So he argues that they may turn to sects for a sense of community

They agree and argue that this is the relatively Deprived who break away from churches to form sects. When middle-class members of a church seek to compromise its beliefs in order to fit into society, deprived members are likely to break away from sects That safeguard the original message of the organisation. The The privilege don’t need compensation, like the deprived or world rejecting religion that provides that compensation. So they are attracted to world accepting churches that express their status and bring further success to them in achieving earthly rewards.

Wilson argues that periods of social rapid change, disturbs and undermines, established norms and values, producing anomie or normlessness. The uncertainty and insecurity that is created and those who are more affected by the distribution may turn to sects As a solution. The dislocation created by the industrial revolution in Britain in the late 18th and 19th century, led to the birth of Methodism. As they were Able to offer a sense of community, clear, norms and values and promised salvation. This helped them in recruiting large numbers of new industrial working class.

Bruce agrees in seeing the growth of sects and cults Today, as a response to social change, involved in modernisation and secularisation. Bruce views Society is now secularised And therefore people are less attracted to the traditional churches and strict sects Because these demands are too much commitment. Instead people now prefer cults Because they are last demanding and require a few sacrifices

talks about world rejecting new movements and points to social change from the 1960s impacting young people also including their increased time in education. Giving them the freedom from adult responsibilities enabling counterculture to develop. Also the growth of radical political movements offered alternative ideas. Well, rejecting new religious movements were attractive in this context as they offered young people and more idealistic way of life .

Bruce talks about world affirming new religious movements. He argues that the growth is a response to modernity. Especially to the rationalisation of work, work, no longer provides meanings or a source of identity, unlike in the past when protestant ethic gave work a religious meaning for some. World affirming new religious movements provide both the sense of identity and techniques that promise success in this world.

Says the movement in the middle ground like the Jesus Freaks have grown since the mid 1970s. They have a tractor disillusioned For my members of world rejecting new religious movements, because they provide a halfway house back to, and more conversional lifestyle

Argues that sects our world rejecting organisations that come into existence, because of schism - Splitting from an established church because of a disagreement over Religion doctrine., says that sects A short-lived, and within a generation will die out, or they need to compromise with the world, and abandoned their extremist ideas, and become a denomination, this is because of several reasons

The first generation who are born into the sects Lack of commitment and favour that their parents who had consciously rejected the world and joined voluntarily., The Protestant ethic effect sects That practice asceticism tend become more prosperous Awkwardly, mobile, as was the case with the Methodists in the 19th century such members will be tempered to compromise with the world, so they will either leave or it will abandon its world rejecting beliefs, Death of the leader sects With a charismatic leader, either collapse on the leaders, death, or form a bureaucratic leadership that takes over transforming into a denomination

schism - there is tension between the needs of the deprived and privileged members of the church. The deprived members, then breakaway to find a world rejecting sect, One of the initial favour with as = Charismatic, leadership, and great attention between the sects Beliefs and those witness society, denominationalism The protestant ethic effect and the corners of the second generation means the favour disappears, Establishment sees the sect Become more accepting and Tension with wider society reduces, Further schism Results, when more zealous or less privilege members breakaway to find a new sect True to the original meaning