Labelling and gender on underachievement in education

to attach a meaning or definition to a student

Becker

Inconsistency in how teachers assess students suitability for a course. Judged on social class and race. Students with similar grades are more likely to be labelled, middle class students as having college potential and to place them on higher level courses.

Splitting peoples into groups based on their abilities

Keddie

Rist

Rosenthal and Jacobson

By the age of a children in lower streams, experienced a decline in IQ those in higher streams improve their IQ score. Setting and streaming works better off for middle-class children.

critical of the league tables league tables marketisation create an ATC economy league, tables mean that schools are trying to attract middle-class more able students. League tables and marketisation excludes, lower class children.

Middle-class children

Lower class, children with barriers

Will pass with some help and input. Lower ability, middle-class and high ability working-class

Boys are doing better than ever in education, but girls are achieving at a faster rate

Starting school 62% of girls concentrate without supervision for 10 minutes, only 49% of boys can

AS/A girls are more likely to pass and get better grades

The impact of feminism and the changing ambitions of girls

changes equality for girls, so they are more aware of feminists movement, which means that women’s expectations and self-esteem has been raised

McRobbie

Those magazines in 1970s were all about the importance of getting married, and that if you don’t do that you are left on the shelf, whereas today we focused more on assertive independent women in stories, images and the media.

This change has affected goals, south image and ambitions, causing them to focus on schooling

but we, as a society are still obsessed with powerful women for filling their traditional roles like getting married and having a family

Sharpe

She interviewed goals in the 1970s, and the 1990s.

girls had low aspirations for educational success as this was in feminine and thought, if they appeared to be intelligent and ambitious, they would be considered unattractive. Their priorities were love marriage, husband, children, job and career in that order.

ambition changed and had a different order of priorities career and being able to support themselves become more independent. More likely to see a future as an independent woman with a career than dependent on husband and his income.

Positive role model in school and GCSEs and coursework

Woman in position of authority may act as a role model for girls as they realise they can achieve this type of importance. also the role models of females in education could make young girls want to go into teaching meaning they know that they need to go through successful education to become a teacher.

Gordard

Product of changed systems of assessment, rather than any more general feeling of boys

It was fairly consistent until 1989, where it rose sharply. The year GCSEs were introduced, bringing in coursework.

Girls do better in coursework as they are more organised and have better language skills than boys

Although coursework has some influence exams have more of an influence on the final grade so coursework, can’t just be the explanation for girls doing better

Liberal feminists, Radical feminists

Celebrate progress that has been made so far. Counting development of equal opportunities. Overcoming sexist attitudes will bring further progress. Similar view on education to functionalist view of it being meritocracy

more critical goals are achieving more that system is still patriarchal and has clear message that it is a man’s world. E.g. girls are still sexually harassed at school and male teachers are still more likely to become headteachers.

Archer

The status recognition and sense of worth that we are able to obtain from others

by performing to the working-class identities they gain status, but if they do this, they have to go against the school and not get qualifications, hypersexual, feminine identities

they either gain symbolic capital from peers by conforming to the hyper sexual feminine identity, or they gain educational capital by rejecting their working-class identity by performing to the schools, middle class, notions of a respectable female pupil

Evans

21. Working-class girls in six form who wanted to go to university wanted to increase the chances of earning power. However, did this for their families not for themselves. This reflects working-class identities.

boys have poorer literacy and language skills and the decline in traditional jobs

according to DCSF, gender gap is mainly because of boys, poorer literacy and language skills. The reason could be because mothers are not reading to their sons also because reading is seen as a feminine activity. another reason could be traditional activities that are aimed at boys like football, which does very little to develop the language and communication skills , where is girls have a bedroom culture that helps with the language and communication skills

Since the 1980s, there has been a decline in navy industries, like iron and steel shipbuilding and engineering, because of global of economic and industrial relocation to countries like China, who take advantage of cheap labour.

Boys are having an identity crisis as they feel they are failing in education and don’t know how to get or gain success so they are having an masculinity crisis. As a lot of manual jobs do not want qualifications boys see this is a way that they can fail and not care about getting qualifications

Feminisation of education and shortage of male teachers

Sewell

Boys are feeling in education system because the education has become feminised. BBC school just not nature masculine traits like competitiveness and leadership. instead they celebrate qualities associated with girls like mythological working and attentiveness class

it is a major cause of gender differences in achievement and argues some coursework should be changed in the end of year exams. I have a greater emphasis on outdoor adventures in the curriculum.

lack of male role models, both in school and at home has caused the boys and your achievement. 14% of primary school teachers are men (yougov) 39% of boys 8 to 11, had no lessons with male teachers. 42% of boys seven male teachers made them work harder.

Stables and Wikeley - girls and boys choose differently in options e.g. Girls tend to choose food, tech and boys tend to choose graphics or resistant materials. AS/A-levels boys opt for computing physics, maths and goes sociology, English and language. This is also mirrored at uni.

the process whereby individuals become functioning members of a group and take on the shared values, behaviors, and beliefs of that group

Oakley

Browne and Ross

DFES pupils in single sex schools have less stereotypes about subject images

Jobs tend to be sex typed. More than 50% of women’s employment fall under the categories of clinical, secretarial, personal services, and jobs like cleaning