Humans growth and development throughout the life stages (2)

the way in which an individual begins to feel and value themselves

Bowlby - infants have an innate need to form attachment with carer (the quality of this attachment can effect later relationships) Ainsworth - suggest we need to have had a securely attachment to carer so they will grow up with emotional tools to deal with uncertainties.

Children uses their imagination to start to create a sense of self concept (this is influenced by parents, teachers and peers) Can lead children to have a negative or positive outlook towards themselves causing them to have permanent confidence throughout their life and sense of failure.

In this time in our lives we develop their sense of identity. A person needs an understanding of identity in order to form positive loving and sexual relationships.

Self-esteem is influenced by lifestyle such as their job and marital situation. Self-image is impacted by personal appearances and how other see them. Need to learn to cope with emotional attachment to sexual partner.

Older people need strong and secure sense of self to enable them to cope with physical changes associated with aging and death. If people fail this they will fall into emotional despair.

the way in which an individual begins to feel and value themselves

Child and caregiver enter an unfamiliar room, Child is encouraged to explore, A stranger comes in and tries to interact with the child, The caregiver leaves a child and the stranger together, the caregiver returns and the stranger leaves, the caregiver leave the child alone, the Stranger returns, The caregiver returns, and is reunited with a child

secure attachment, insecure avoidant attachment, insecure resistant attachment

Children explore happily but regularly go back to caregiver. Show moderate separation distress and moderate stranger anxiety. These children require and accept comfort from caregiver in reunion stage. 60 to 70% toddles are classified as secure

Children explore freely, but do not seek proximity or show secure base behaviour. Show little to no reaction when caregiver leaves and make little effort to make contact when they return. Show little stranger anxiety do not require comfort at reunion stage. 20 to 25% of toddlers are classified as avoidant.

Child seeks greater proximity than others and explores less. They show huge stranger and separation distress, but refuse comfort when reunited with caregiver. 3% of toddlers are resistant

Support for validity. good predictor for later life of those with a secure attachment to better at school and have more successful romantic relationships (Kokkions 2007)

Takahshi 1990 - found the test doesn’t work in Japan. Never spent so little time apart from the children so it’s understandable that separation anxiety is increased.

He hypothesised the first, 2 years and a half of life is a critical time for attachments to be formed., Add disturbance to attachment during this stage could lead to antisocial, aggressive and delete a quince behaviour in adolescence and beyond.

a deep enduring emotional bond, connecting a child to their primary caregiver, theory is based on idea that children are biologically pre-programmed to form attachments and infancy is an important time for forming these positive attachments, Attachment to primary caregiver acts as a model for future attachments, disturbance to an attachment can have negative effects on development

post-natal depression, disability, Premature birth

Individuals may experience anxiety, Difficulty in forming relationships in later life, become a parent that has difficulty when it comes to forming attachments with their own children

Overly simplified argues that maternal deprivation in itself may not result in long-term problems.

Babies are most likely to form attachments to caregiver who responds effectively to the signals. Therefore, it doesn’t have to be the person who they spend the most time with this is known as sensitive responsiveness.

life experiences, age, relationships, gender, emotional maturity, culture, appearance, sexual orientation, education

0 to 18 months

18 months to 2 years old

Maslow

physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, self esteem, self actualisation

Food, warmth, shelter and clothes are basic needs before we develop

Having a safe, secure environment and protection from external threats

feeling wanted and valued a sense of community and belonging

Positive self evaluation and respect from others, respect others and understanding own feelings and others also feeling valued.