Globalisation of crime

The widening deepening and speeding up of worldwide into connection in all aspects of life from culture to the criminal to the financial to the spiritual

over £1 trillion

Taylor

Globalisation has led changes in patterns and the extent of crime. Freeing up market forces (Determines the price and quantity of a good service in a market) has led a greater inequality

manufacturing companies move manufacturing to low wage countries, E.G buying clothes from lower paying countries and shipping them back to the UK. And then this leads to unemployment and poverty in wealthier countries due to the less job opportunities. which can increase crime in the wealthy countries, as they have no legitimate means to gain financials. but then also in lower countries, it means the crime committed against human rights of low wages illegal working and bad conditions and health and safety risks. E.g. sweatshops increases, Delegations - The government can’t control jobs or make money. need to rise taxes, but welfare spending falls, monetisation damages, social cohesion as people see themselves individuals. Left realism. Media increases crime as it promotes success of consumption, capitalism causes harm to the vulnerable individuals around the world BUT is not a crime

Globalisation causes people to buy clothes from other countries, and this has then decreased the job in the country as it’s done somewhere else. This makes poor population Beka and they are encouraged to commit crime as inequality increases, no legitimate opportunities means unemployment so look for illegitimate means E.g drugs, human trafficking

There is no option To stop global capitalism as it can’t be changed now, and there are good sides to globalisation

crime that has local roots e.g need to sell drugs to local areas. locally based but global connections. organisations depend on local areas so more from hierarchy gang structure to flexible network of entrepreneurs in crime

Glenny

the organisation emerged in Russia and Eastern Europe following the fall of communism. Glenny says the traces of the origins of transnational organised crime to do with the breakup of the Soviet Union, which coincided with the deregulation of global markets

to protect there wealth capitalists turned to mafias that began to emerge. theses mafias where unlike old Italian mafias which were based on family ties with a clear hierarchy. the new Russia organisation slowly were just purely about economic organisation formed for the pursue of self interest., primal organisations were vital to the entry of the new Russian capitalist class in the world economy. also Russian mafias where able to build links with criminal organisations with other parts of the world

what he is talking about and explaining is something that has happened in real life given supportive evidence and validity to what he is saying, it explains to us why there is a mafia in Russia and not elsewhere

it is subjective as from his own point of view and has political bias, also what he has said can’t be generalised to elsewhere

it is illegal activities carried out by the agents of the state such as armed services, the secret services, civil service, the police and prison service on behalf of the government and the political leaders in the name of state interests

political crimes - e.g corruption or censorship, crimes by security- e.g genocide torture and disappearance of dissidents, economic crimes- e.g violation of health and safety laws, social and cultural crimes - e.g institutional racism

technically war crimes - George Bush and Tony Blair

the USA and UK invaded Iraq to remove Saddam Hussein from power to prevent the persecution of Kurdish Muslims in Iraq. some argue this broke international laws as they have not secured the agreement of the international laws as they have not secured the agreement of the international community via United Nations

state crimes that are carried out by powerful people or groups can define there activities as legitimate this makes it difficult to measure the extent of state crimes. also the gov have the power to cover up such activities and actually control the flow of information especially in the media by issuing legal instructions to prevent journalists from speaking about it in the public interest

the powerful can define what counts as crime in society. what counts as crime is an ideological construct. e.g. gov can define killing done by member of society of public as a problem but not apply if done by a soldier this is ideological relativity

A way of exploring state crime is through looking at human rights. Human rights are natural rights which are what people are regarded as having simply by the virtue of existing EG writes to life and freedom of speech. Civil rights are the rights to vote, privacy, liberation and education , not, everyone agrees on these rights and they are not universal

The USA have been accused of human rights abuse, including torture, such as abuse, have recently been reported in many countries, including China Iran, Syria

Schweindinger -defines state crime should include human rights. Crime violating peoples rights should be defined as illegal and therefore is criminal. However, his definition is broad.

over traditional criminology view that is defined by criminal law E.G Nazi Germany, denying human rights to Jewish was legal

Cohen is critical of him, suggesting that state crime should include violating human rights. there is not enough agreement over human rights e.g most people would accept that freedom should be human right, but not everyone would agree that freedom from poverty is a right, Cohen also says, immortality is being confused with criminality

Cohen has been especially interested in our states attempt to control or justify their illegal activities. He argues this often involves the three stage spiral of denial

Stage one complete denial that any crime took place, Stage two and attempt to change how the act or acts are described. For example, something was an accident., stage three involves providing ad justification for the actions such as state was protecting its members

State crime is often the result of strain, meaning that the state is torn between different sets of objectives. He claims that many of the state crimes carried out by the CIA including torture kidnap et cetera took place at the time when they felt under extreme pressure to guard against the threat proposed to the country by communism .

That study supports crimes of obedience individuals learn to ignore ordinary morals when ordered by those in authority. They are able to convince themselves that such activities are routine. Often, they are convinced that those they are fighting are subhuman and therefore normal standards of decency do not apply to them.

Green or environmental crime can be defined as crime against the environment. Most green crime can be linked to globalisation and the increase into connectedness of societies.

Many of these threats to our ecosystem came from manufactured risks and this is the result of mass demand for consumer goods and technology which has affected on earth humanity, but also our environment too. E.G greenhouse gas admissions are contributing to global warming and climate change. We live in societies threatened by global risks.

Green criminology refers to the study of environmental crimes and harms affecting human and non‐human life, ecosystems and the biosphere.

Fast very few local or international laws, govern the state of the environment. International laws difficult to construct because not all countries to sign up to global agreements, E.G USA, in China, reluctant to agree to meet international targets to reduce carbon emissions, secondly, laws that do exist are shaped by powerful capitalists in dressed, especially global big businesses. Government in developing countries to question and take action against transactional corporations because they are dependent on them for their income. laws that do exist to protect the environment are often weak

White -Green crime is defined as any action that harms the physical environment, and any creature that lives within it, even if no law has technically been broken. current laws are inconsistent as they often differ across countries and bias as they influenced by businesses who have vested interest in harming the environment for their own game because the business requires that

ego-centric think damage to the environment is damaged to the other species as well putting human race at risk in the future, anthropogenic (this is the view of big businesses) humans have the right to exploit the environment and other species for their own benefit

Nigel South

Primary crime, secondary crime

it is a direct result of Destruction and degradation of the planet resources. - crimes of air pollution, industrial carbon and greenhouse gases emissions -Crimes of deforestation illegal, logging -Crimes of species, decline, and animal rights -crimes are freshwater and marine pollution, such as oil spillages

Crying, that are the Result of flouting existing laws and regulations -dumping toxic waste -breach of health and safety rules, causing disasters such as Chernobyl disaster -overloading products, such as pharmaceuticals onto sad world markets. They have been banned on safety grounds in the west.