gender and ethnicity on crime

Smart

women tend to commit fewer crimes than men do, most crimes of women tend to appear comparatively trivial nature like shoplifting, Traditional criminology is motivated by the desire to control problem behaviours as women behaviour is less of a problem than men is it receives less attention

Pollak

men have a protective attitude towards women so don’t like to accuse women. through out the process of socialisation men are told they are the protectors of women. women show more remorseful behaviour so then the men feel like they need to protect the women

Box- reviewed the data from self reported studies in Britain and the USA and concluded that the official statistics on gender and crime with fairly accurate. crimes, they committed to are less likely to go to trial and more likely to be remorseful, Farrington and Morris - conducted a study for sentencing in magistrates courts, although Mum received more severe sentences than women, the differences disappeared when the severity of the offence was taken into account

Campbell - conducted a self reported study and found that women suspects were more likely than male suspects to be cautioned, rather than prosecuted, Hood - compare the sentencing of men and women, and found that men were more likely to be given custodial sentences than women

Walklate - female victims, rather than male suspects, who end up on trial in rape cases. Women need to establish their responsibility if the evidence is to be believed., Dobash and Dobash - police officers were unlikely to make an arrest in cases of domestic violence (The study was done in the 70s and the law have changed where now the police have to attend every incident in the 70s. They didn’t have to do this southern more likely to make an arrest now)

Heidensohn - justice system is influenced by attitudes to gender in society as a whole. Treated more harshly when they deviate from norms of female, sexuality, more likely to be taken into care., Carlen - women are more likely to be sentenced according to the courts assessment of them as wives and mothers and daughters, rather than the seriousness of the crimes. Scottish judges are more likely to jail women whos children were in care. Women are judged by the law and the norms of society when it comes to the criminal justice system when they should only be judged by the law, so there is double standards.

Sutherland, Parsons, Cohen

Boys are socialise differently, so they become more delinquent. Sutherland says the main two gender differences in socialisation is girls are closely supervised and parents are stricter, and then boys are encouraged to take risks by toughness and aggression, leading boys to have the opportunity and inclination to crime

clearly define gender roles in the family. Dad is the instrumental role and the Mum is the expressive role. These are from biological roots. Female role models are readily available at home but this is not the same for male role Modelz so there’s less access to male role models. So boys tend to be socialise by Mum. I’m rejects the feminine behaviour and so piss you toughness/aggression. This thing creates antisocial behaviour. Boys and one vulnerable to sub cultures deviance because they are looking for a masculine role model.

with no middle role model, it means socialisation footboys is tough. This creates anxiety about their identity. as a result, they may look towards male peer groups/gangs as a result where masculinity is expressed and rewarded (toughness, breaking rules risk-taking) masculine identity equals delinquent behaviour

Early sociological theory explains differences from perspective of learned behaviour, instead of biological differences, but Parsons does play some explanation in biological roles so there is a clash, fails to explain, male power over women

Female crime is rational, Conformity and control

Carlen crimes of the powerless, live in poverty with no power to change positions, harshly supervised as children often abuse by father dominated as adults by partners in often violent relationships she concluded an in-depth interview with 39 working-class women, aged 15 to 46 convicted of offensive. Turn to crime when the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, they committed crime as a rational choice low paid and unemployment hadn’t provided the desired lifestyle so unhappy

Heindensohn - women tend to conform to social norms. They have more to lose if they deviate in particular, male control, discourages women to commit crimes., at home women still raise children and take care of the home. This commitment involves committing to conformity. They conform to their social roles and social norm. They have more to lose in terms of family. girls are also socialise to conform by being strictly supervised and perform health and wealth duties and this continues on into the adult life. this means women have less opportunity and time to commit crime., Beyond the homes, there is limited opportunity to be able to deviate from social norms. E.g. don’t go out after dark as there is a fear of attack and rape. have a Ciara to deviate from norms of responsibility out of fear of being labelled. In the workplace, they are likely to hold a managerial role sexual harassment is common in the workplace, male power

Heidensohn gives us a clear explanation to female conformity, which results in low crime rates, Naffine it assumes all women are passive and accept their position. Where is the rise of feminist suggest otherwise., Walklate - criticises Heidensohn as they make a generalisation and fails to see differences between women, and differences between men

Accomplishing masculinity - gender identity is continuously constructed crime helps to accomplish masculine to themselves and others, Masculinities- shared by class, ethnicity, age, and sexuality. Nine commit different crimes, depending on the access to power and resources, hegemonic masculinity (ideal masculinity) dominant from idealised from “ defined through work, paid labour market, the subordination of women heterosexism and the Dritan uncontrollable sexuality of men” sort by most men know some cannot all don’t want to achieve it

middle-class, white males can achieve hegemonic masculinity through success at school must be subordinate to teachers to achieve this, Masculinity is a sighted outside school through vandalism theft and drinking. working-class white males don’t achieve at school so construct masculinity around aggression, antisocial behaviour, delinquency, and sometimes homophobia and racism.

Campbell - crisis of masculinity. This is due to a decline in manufacturing and a rise in the service industry. this causes a decline in unskilled jobs, which increases working-class, male, unemployment. they cannot no longer express masculinity through physical labour and have unstable jobs., young - crisis is worse for those who have never had a job as they have a little prospects. Megan will respond to this by macho sub cultures where there is a glorified exaggeration to for masculinity, e.g. toughness, sexual power, physical strength and guns.

They did participant observations and interviews with bouncers, police, council and nightclub managers . The nighttime economy is currently an unplanned and regulated zone where alcohol related violence and disorder is rife. bouncers feel the void of the police. Their behaviour is in regulated and frequently used threats of violence and living by being hard man and have opportunity to take part in criminal activity. This is a new working class job.

Study of crimes and riots onto council estates in the early 1990s in Newcastle and Oxford, Young man, cat pleasure from exciting to masculinity through joy, riding high unemployment. No chances of future jobs to support families. They were told that sports cars are a sign of power and status so still them to speed around council estates. They were sometimes used to smash into shop windows to cause vandalism to allow staff to take place.

Cannot generalise the specific examples, not working class, man, connect, it suggests that working-class men turn to crime to assert masculinity

Detailed relationship between class, age and ethnicity, Jones - Isa projects crimes, pimps are exceptions, rather than the rule, not all men commit crime, Not all men, aspire, hegemonic, masculinity masculinity, maybe more diverse and complex

in the whole population black people take up 3% but in the prison population they take up 13%, black people take up 11% of prosecutions in the criminal justice system

Crime is most likely to happen in intra ethnic groups- 90% of crimes were the victim was white so was the offender. show most crime offenders commit is people of their own race, In mugging, black people are over identified, even if the victim is not sure of the ethnicity of their offender they are likely to tick black

White and black people had similar crime rates, so there is an over identification of black people in crimes and prosecution., Sharp and Budd - white people are more likely to admit they have committed crime which then means they can be cautioned and let go. Where is if black people don’t admit to the crime they have to be prosecuted so this could explain the over identification of black individuals in crime population.

Policing, stop and search, Arrest and caution, Prosecution and conviction, sentencing and imprisonment

Many allegations of oppressive policing from minority ethnic communities are made E.G mass stuff and search operations, excessive surveillance and arm raids deaths in custody. - Phillips and Bowling

Afro-Caribbeans, on nine times more likely to be stopped and searched. Asian minorities or three times more likely to be stopped often under the 2000 terrorism act. Black people are also four times more likely to have used against them and five times more likely to be tasered, There are two types of stops. First being high discretion - police act without specific intelligence, this is where police can use their stereotypes. Second being low discretion- the police act on relative specific offenders, a dodgy victims description of the offender

Arrests rates for Afro-Caribbeans is three. Six times more likely than for white people. Once arrested black offenders are less likely to receive a caution, perhaps due to an mistrust of the police, and not admitting to the offence by not admitting to the offence means I cannot be let off with a caution and are more likely to be charged

The Crown prosecution service is more likely to drop cases against ethnic minorities than white people. This may be because evidence presented by the police is often based on stereo typing of ethnic minorities. Black and Asian defendants are less likely to be found guilty.

custodial sentences are more likely to be given to Afro-Caribbean offenders. Asian minorities are over represented in prisons and are more likely to be given longer sentences., Hudson and Bramhall argues that there is a pre-sentence report that had discrimination for Asians that made them seem less remorseful of the crime so they had more severe charges

Left realism explains crime due to marginalisation subculture and relative deprivation. They say that racism has led to marginalisation an economic exclusion of minority ethnic groups as they face higher unemployment, poverty and poor housing. also there is a sense of relative deprivation by setting materialistic goals that may mean minority groups, unable to reach by legitimate means., they say one of the responses to this is the formation of delinquent subculture is especially among young unemployed, black men. This leads to a higher rate of utilitarian crimes such as robbery as it’s a means to deal with the relative deprivation. as the groups are marginalised, it means they have no organisation to represent their interests, so this produces non-utilitarian crimes, such as violence and rioting., They found 90% of crimes known to the police were reported by members of the public rather than being discovered by the police themselves under these types of circumstances if the police did not act on discriminatory ways is unlikely that can be adequately accounted for all differences in ethnic statistics.

Arrest rates for Asian people may be lower than for black people not because they are less likely to offend but because police stereotype, the two groups different leasing Asian people us more passive black people is more dangerous. The stereotypes may have changed since 911 because police on now regarding Asian people to be dangerous as well as explaining the rising criminalisation of this group

while as a sociologist like left relist, see the official statistics, as reflecting the real differences in offending rates of ethnic groups, others argue the difference in statistics do not reflect the reality. And these differences are the outcome of a process of social construction, that stereotypes minority groups, as in herited, more crime than the majority population.

Samson and Philips racist victimisation, tends to be going on with many minor instances of abuse or harassment and often with periods of physical abuse. This results in long-term psychological impacts which need to be dealt with., Victimisation can also happen because of the police there is a higher population of migration and young people, more Soman, because of economic migration victimisation is because of two things wider society, racism, and because they are more likely to be in rural areas in the wc