問題一覧
1
accurate recall was ..% lower in nonmatching conditions
40
2
is this what they found? ( they explained forgetting as a result of competition of time, rather than elapsed. rugby players named teams they had played week by week. they found that recall was not affected by how long ago the match was by how many matches they had played since.) this demonstrates interference in everyday situations.
yes
3
was is it based on?
A real life, shooting in a gun shop in Canada
4
what is reverse the order?
Not in chronological order. Stops people stating that expectations
5
Weapon focus not relevant, actual surprise. Pickel used to video in a hairdressers with items scissors/gun/chicken/wallet. The poorest recall was with gun/chicken. Eyewitness testimony, poorer in unusual conditions. Weapon focus could be due to unusualness than anxiety tells as little of its affect
Unsupportive of anxiety affect on eyewitness testimony
6
Field studies into anxiety, lack control. Postevent discussion could have a card influenced by media. extenuous variables that don’t allow for anxiety to be tested alone
Unsupportive of anxiety on eyewitness testimony
7
Individual differences in accuracy. Rhodes found those aged 18 to 25 were more accurate than those aged 35 to 45. However, research exhibits own age, bias. Film clips, young actors. People are more accurate when identifying people of their own age group. Some ages ain’t just more/less accurate than others.
unsupportive of eyewitness testimony
8
What did they get the deep sea divers to do?
The divers learnt, list of words, either underwater or on land
9
Which of these is his explanation for retrieval failure
States that cues must be present when we are at encoding and retrieval for it to be remembered. therefore, if cues are different at encoding and retrieval, there will be something getting
10
In conclusion
conditions where there was a mismatch between internal state at learning and recall performance of memory test was significantly worse
11
is this a finding of the study? (when participants don’t record the original list of words that performance depended on the nature of the second list. The most similar material (synonyms) produce the worst recall. in conclusion, this shows that interference is stronger when the memories are similar.
yes
12
they were split into six different groups and told to learn a new list what was the 6 groups?
synonyms, antonyms, words unrelated to the original list , nonsense syllables, 3 digit numbers , no new list
13
what was the production of her study?
she studied pairs. each of them watched the same film of a crime from different angles
14
which psychologists did a study on the effects of misleading questions and the year?
Loftus and palmer 1975
15
Findings they had to select a man from 50 pictures which is the correct findings ??
Low anxiety picked the right man 49% of the time, whereas in the high anxiety group, only 33% of the time
16
ethical issues attached to studying anxiety as an IV. The researchers may put participants under psychological harm. Real life studies are more appropriate. Benefits may outweigh cost as it reduces the exchange extraneous variables from a field experiment.
unsupportive of anxiety on eyewitness testimony
17
Who did a real life study of interference in everyday situations ?
Baddeley and Hitch
18
What is an explanation for forgetting?
interference
19
What was the mean speeds that participants estimated the cars were going depending on the verb used?
the mean speed estimated for “contacted” was 31.8mph the mean speed estimate for “smashed” 40.5mph
20
Is this supportive of interference as an explanation forgetting? (research uses artificial tasks. A list of words different to what we need to remember in real life e.g birthdays, faces, exam content. Interference is more likely in a lab than real life. Due to the similarities of tasks. This means it lacks generalisability
no
21
what is a factor that effects eye witnesses testimony?
misleading information
22
so this created four conditions, what were the four conditions?
learn on land recall on land , learn on land recall in the water, learn on underwater recall underwater, Learn underwater recall on land
23
how do you cues play a part in retrieval failure?
insufficient cues. this means that the cues that we make when learning information may not be present when we need to retrieve information resulting in retrieval Phalia.
24
Carter and Cassaday 1998 what did they do to the participants?
gave some antihistamine drugs to their participants (only some) making them slightly drowsy
25
How many groups were the participants put in?
2
26
What is a way of improving the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies
cognitive interview
27
Golden and baddeley 1975 (state dependent forgetting) - who did they carry a studio on?
Deep sea divers
28
what is competitive interference?
Information is more likely to be forgotten if the two pieces of information are similar
29
people that discussed recalled ..% of things they didn’t see
71%
30
there are four steps to eyewitness testimony. What is the order?
Report everything, Reinstate the content, Reverse order, Change perspective (enhanced, cognitive interview stresses the need to establish report)
31
how many films of traffic accidents in a laboratory were they shown?
7
32
what is reinstate the content?
Imagine the environment. Reduce the content dependent forgetting
33
the uses of artificial tasks e.g. Loftus and Palmer used film clips. Different to a real life. Witness, stress and society absent tells us little about eyewitness testimonies real life effects.
Unsupportive of eyewitness testimony.
34
What were the 3 different conditions participants were in?
learn on drugs recall on drugs , learn off drugs recall on drugs , learn off drugs recall off drugs
35
What did participants have to do?
had to learn a list of 10 words until they could remember it with 100% accuracy
36
what is change perspective?
Prevents schema influencing a persons recall
37
how many participants/students where there?
45
38
Which of these are the conclusion that they came to?
after five months accuracy didn’t change too much and that the group that said they had the highest amount of stress were the most accurate, 88% compared to 75%
39
what is retroactive interference?
New information interferes with old information, resulting in old information being forgotten
40
What are the reasons, leading questions affect eye witness testimonies?
Response bias explanation, substitution explanation
41
complete this statement “two pieces of information conflict =
one or both forgotten
42
What scale were the participants told to rate themselves on how they felt?
A scale of 1 to 7 for stress
43
Research has led real life applications. Loftus stated leading questions. Have a dislodging impact on memory and police need to be careful. Barristers cannot ask leading questions in court. Psychology has aided the legal system in applying justice.
Real world application of eyewitness testimony
44
What is substitution explanation?
A persons memory is affected
45
is this a true statement about what happened in the study? (students were given a questionnaire and there was one critical question on it about how fast the car was going. Each group had a different verb to describe.)
yes
46
Which one of these is a weakness for content forgetting
Content dependent forgetting can be challenged, is not a strong for real life that ain’t environments that would be different as water. Ananda changes in room are less likely to cause for getting me some applications don’t really explain forgetting in real life.