問題一覧
1
Meta analysis support for effectiveness of the cognitive interview. kohnken looked at data of 50 studies. Consistently provided more correct information than the standard police interview. A greater chance of benefiting society by changing criminals.
Supportive of cognitive interview
2
what is retroactive interference?
New information interferes with old information, resulting in old information being forgotten
3
Carter and Cassaday 1998 what did they do to the participants?
gave some antihistamine drugs to their participants (only some) making them slightly drowsy
4
was is it based on?
A real life, shooting in a gun shop in Canada
5
What is a way of improving the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies
cognitive interview
6
how many participants/students where there?
45
7
How many out of the people that were involved in the shooting agreed to take part in the study?
13/21
8
Some elements more valuable than others. Milne and Bull found that a combination of reinstates the content and the report, everything is most effective. Still has improvements even if the fall version is not used increase credibility with the police officers.
Supportive of cognitive interview
9
What is another explanation for forgetting?
retrieval failure
10
Who did a real life study of interference in everyday situations ?
Baddeley and Hitch
11
What did this create on the participants?
This creates an internal physiological state different from the norm being wide-awake
12
how many different groups were they split into?
5
13
how many films of traffic accidents in a laboratory were they shown?
7
14
Individual differences in accuracy. Rhodes found those aged 18 to 25 were more accurate than those aged 35 to 45. However, research exhibits own age, bias. Film clips, young actors. People are more accurate when identifying people of their own age group. Some ages ain’t just more/less accurate than others.
unsupportive of eyewitness testimony
15
what are they to forms of misleading information?
leading questions, post even discussion
16
Weapon focus not relevant, actual surprise. Pickel used to video in a hairdressers with items scissors/gun/chicken/wallet. The poorest recall was with gun/chicken. Eyewitness testimony, poorer in unusual conditions. Weapon focus could be due to unusualness than anxiety tells as little of its affect
Unsupportive of anxiety affect on eyewitness testimony
17
What is an explanation for forgetting?
interference
18
is McDonald et al study, a supportive experiment of interference as an explanation of forgetting?
yes
19
How many groups were the participants put in?
2
20
In conclusion
conditions where there was a mismatch between internal state at learning and recall performance of memory test was significantly worse
21
which psychologists did a study on the effects of misleading questions and the year?
Loftus and palmer 1975
22
Who studied context dependent forgetting year?
Tulving 1983
23
Who suggested that anxiety has a positive effect on recall and eyewitness testimonies ?
Yuille and Cutshall
24
What type of interference were they studying?
retroactive interference
25
Is this supportive of interference as an explanation forgetting? (research uses artificial tasks. A list of words different to what we need to remember in real life e.g birthdays, faces, exam content. Interference is more likely in a lab than real life. Due to the similarities of tasks. This means it lacks generalisability
no
26
what is a factor that effects eye witnesses testimony?
misleading information
27
What was the mean speeds that participants estimated the cars were going depending on the verb used?
the mean speed estimated for “contacted” was 31.8mph the mean speed estimate for “smashed” 40.5mph
28
what did one of the groups see when put in a high anxiety group?
Here glass smashing, and a man with paper knife with blood
29
so this created four conditions, what were the four conditions?
learn on land recall on land , learn on land recall in the water, learn on underwater recall underwater, Learn underwater recall on land
30
What are the reasons, leading questions affect eye witness testimonies?
Response bias explanation, substitution explanation
31
is this a true conclusion for Golden and Baddeleys study? (the external cues available at learning (encoding) were different from the ones at recall (retrieval). Therefore, this led to retrieval failure.
yes
32
what is proactive interference?
Old information interfering with new information, new information is forgotten
33
Who suggested that anxiety has a negative effect on recall and eyewitness testimony?
Johnson and Scott
34
there are four steps to eyewitness testimony. What is the order?
Report everything, Reinstate the content, Reverse order, Change perspective (enhanced, cognitive interview stresses the need to establish report)
35
Who study the effects of post event discussion?
Gabbert
36
what is reverse the order?
Not in chronological order. Stops people stating that expectations
37
people that discussed recalled ..% of things they didn’t see
71%
38
is this a true statement about what happened in the study? (students were given a questionnaire and there was one critical question on it about how fast the car was going. Each group had a different verb to describe.)
yes
39
what is report everything?
State everything even what is trivial. May trigger other memories.
40
Golden and baddeley 1975 (state dependent forgetting) - who did they carry a studio on?
Deep sea divers
41
is this what they found? ( they explained forgetting as a result of competition of time, rather than elapsed. rugby players named teams they had played week by week. they found that recall was not affected by how long ago the match was by how many matches they had played since.) this demonstrates interference in everyday situations.
yes
42
Research has led real life applications. Loftus stated leading questions. Have a dislodging impact on memory and police need to be careful. Barristers cannot ask leading questions in court. Psychology has aided the legal system in applying justice.
Real world application of eyewitness testimony
43
what did one of the group see when they were put in a low anxiety group?
hear, arguments and man comes out with a pen and greece
44
they were split into six different groups and told to learn a new list what was the 6 groups?
synonyms, antonyms, words unrelated to the original list , nonsense syllables, 3 digit numbers , no new list
45
Field studies into anxiety, lack control. Postevent discussion could have a card influenced by media. extenuous variables that don’t allow for anxiety to be tested alone
Unsupportive of anxiety on eyewitness testimony
46
What did participants have to do?
had to learn a list of 10 words until they could remember it with 100% accuracy
47
the uses of artificial tasks e.g. Loftus and Palmer used film clips. Different to a real life. Witness, stress and society absent tells us little about eyewitness testimonies real life effects.
Unsupportive of eyewitness testimony.
48
complete this statement “two pieces of information conflict =
one or both forgotten
49
What is substitution explanation?
A persons memory is affected