memory - 2

69問 • 3年前

問題一覧

Meta analysis support for effectiveness of the cognitive interview. kohnken looked at data of 50 studies. Consistently provided more correct information than the standard police interview. A greater chance of benefiting society by changing criminals.

Supportive of cognitive interview

what is retroactive interference?

New information interferes with old information, resulting in old information being forgotten

Carter and Cassaday 1998 what did they do to the participants?

gave some antihistamine drugs to their participants (only some) making them slightly drowsy

was is it based on?

A real life, shooting in a gun shop in Canada

What is a way of improving the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies

cognitive interview

how many participants/students where there?

How many out of the people that were involved in the shooting agreed to take part in the study?

13/21

Some elements more valuable than others. Milne and Bull found that a combination of reinstates the content and the report, everything is most effective. Still has improvements even if the fall version is not used increase credibility with the police officers.

Supportive of cognitive interview

What is another explanation for forgetting?

retrieval failure

Who did a real life study of interference in everyday situations ?

Baddeley and Hitch

What did this create on the participants?

This creates an internal physiological state different from the norm being wide-awake

how many different groups were they split into?

how many films of traffic accidents in a laboratory were they shown?

Individual differences in accuracy. Rhodes found those aged 18 to 25 were more accurate than those aged 35 to 45. However, research exhibits own age, bias. Film clips, young actors. People are more accurate when identifying people of their own age group. Some ages ain’t just more/less accurate than others.

unsupportive of eyewitness testimony

what are they to forms of misleading information?

leading questions, post even discussion

Weapon focus not relevant, actual surprise. Pickel used to video in a hairdressers with items scissors/gun/chicken/wallet. The poorest recall was with gun/chicken. Eyewitness testimony, poorer in unusual conditions. Weapon focus could be due to unusualness than anxiety tells as little of its affect

Unsupportive of anxiety affect on eyewitness testimony

What is an explanation for forgetting?

interference

is McDonald et al study, a supportive experiment of interference as an explanation of forgetting?

yes

How many groups were the participants put in?

In conclusion

conditions where there was a mismatch between internal state at learning and recall performance of memory test was significantly worse

which psychologists did a study on the effects of misleading questions and the year?

Loftus and palmer 1975

Who studied context dependent forgetting year?

Tulving 1983

Who suggested that anxiety has a positive effect on recall and eyewitness testimonies ?

Yuille and Cutshall

What type of interference were they studying?

retroactive interference

Is this supportive of interference as an explanation forgetting? (research uses artificial tasks. A list of words different to what we need to remember in real life e.g birthdays, faces, exam content. Interference is more likely in a lab than real life. Due to the similarities of tasks. This means it lacks generalisability

what is a factor that effects eye witnesses testimony?

misleading information

What was the mean speeds that participants estimated the cars were going depending on the verb used?

the mean speed estimated for “contacted” was 31.8mph the mean speed estimate for “smashed” 40.5mph

what did one of the groups see when put in a high anxiety group?

Here glass smashing, and a man with paper knife with blood

so this created four conditions, what were the four conditions?

learn on land recall on land, learn on land recall in the water, learn on underwater recall underwater, Learn underwater recall on land

What are the reasons, leading questions affect eye witness testimonies?

Response bias explanation, substitution explanation

is this a true conclusion for Golden and Baddeleys study? (the external cues available at learning (encoding) were different from the ones at recall (retrieval). Therefore, this led to retrieval failure.

yes

what is proactive interference?

Old information interfering with new information, new information is forgotten

Who suggested that anxiety has a negative effect on recall and eyewitness testimony?

Johnson and Scott

there are four steps to eyewitness testimony. What is the order?

Report everything, Reinstate the content, Reverse order, Change perspective (enhanced, cognitive interview stresses the need to establish report)

Who study the effects of post event discussion?

Gabbert

what is reverse the order?

Not in chronological order. Stops people stating that expectations

people that discussed recalled ..% of things they didn’t see

71%

is this a true statement about what happened in the study? (students were given a questionnaire and there was one critical question on it about how fast the car was going. Each group had a different verb to describe.)

yes

what is report everything?

State everything even what is trivial. May trigger other memories.

Golden and baddeley 1975 (state dependent forgetting) - who did they carry a studio on?

Deep sea divers

is this what they found? ( they explained forgetting as a result of competition of time, rather than elapsed. rugby players named teams they had played week by week. they found that recall was not affected by how long ago the match was by how many matches they had played since.) this demonstrates interference in everyday situations.

yes

Research has led real life applications. Loftus stated leading questions. Have a dislodging impact on memory and police need to be careful. Barristers cannot ask leading questions in court. Psychology has aided the legal system in applying justice.

Real world application of eyewitness testimony

what did one of the group see when they were put in a low anxiety group?

hear, arguments and man comes out with a pen and greece

they were split into six different groups and told to learn a new list what was the 6 groups?

synonyms, antonyms, words unrelated to the original list, nonsense syllables, 3 digit numbers, no new list

Field studies into anxiety, lack control. Postevent discussion could have a card influenced by media. extenuous variables that don’t allow for anxiety to be tested alone

Unsupportive of anxiety on eyewitness testimony

What did participants have to do?

had to learn a list of 10 words until they could remember it with 100% accuracy

the uses of artificial tasks e.g. Loftus and Palmer used film clips. Different to a real life. Witness, stress and society absent tells us little about eyewitness testimonies real life effects.

Unsupportive of eyewitness testimony.

complete this statement “two pieces of information conflict =

one or both forgotten

What is substitution explanation?

A persons memory is affected

what was concluded?

They go along with each other in memory conformity

Which of these is his explanation for retrieval failure

States that cues must be present when we are at encoding and retrieval for it to be remembered. therefore, if cues are different at encoding and retrieval, there will be something getting

is this a finding of the study? (when participants don’t record the original list of words that performance depended on the nature of the second list. The most similar material (synonyms) produce the worst recall. in conclusion, this shows that interference is stronger when the memories are similar.

yes

what is change perspective?

Prevents schema influencing a persons recall

Difficult to implement as it requires scientists training. Time that the police may not have e.g. time taken to build report the proper version of the cognitive interview, not used people less satisfied with it.

unsupportive of cognitive interview

Which one of these is supporting retrieval failure as an explanation for forgetting

Studies that give supportive evidence for retrieval failure are Godden and baddeley also Carter, and Cassaday - that studies increase validity of explanation on retrieval failure occurring in real life

What scale were the participants told to rate themselves on how they felt?

A scale of 1 to 7 for stress

how do you cues play a part in retrieval failure?

insufficient cues. this means that the cues that we make when learning information may not be present when we need to retrieve information resulting in retrieval Phalia.

ethical issues attached to studying anxiety as an IV. The researchers may put participants under psychological harm. Real life studies are more appropriate. Benefits may outweigh cost as it reduces the exchange extraneous variables from a field experiment.

unsupportive of anxiety on eyewitness testimony

Findings they had to select a man from 50 pictures which is the correct findings ??

Low anxiety picked the right man 49% of the time, whereas in the high anxiety group, only 33% of the time

Which one of these is a weakness for content forgetting

Content dependent forgetting can be challenged, is not a strong for real life that ain’t environments that would be different as water. Ananda changes in room are less likely to cause for getting me some applications don’t really explain forgetting in real life.

What were the 3 different conditions participants were in?

learn on drugs recall on drugs, learn off drugs recall on drugs, learn off drugs recall off drugs

What did they get the deep sea divers to do?

The divers learnt, list of words, either underwater or on land

what was the production of her study?

she studied pairs. each of them watched the same film of a crime from different angles

what is reinstate the content?

Imagine the environment. Reduce the content dependent forgetting

of the control group (no discussion) .% recalled false information

what is competitive interference?

Information is more likely to be forgotten if the two pieces of information are similar

what is response bias explanation?

No effect on a persons memories, but affects how they choose to answer

Which of these are the conclusion that they came to?

after five months accuracy didn’t change too much and that the group that said they had the highest amount of stress were the most accurate, 88% compared to 75%

accurate recall was ..% lower in nonmatching conditions

Social influence -1

Charley Buckley · 42問 · 3年前

Social influence -1