education (social class and attainment)

language, self discipline and reasoning skills. Working-class parents feel to socialise their children adequately.

Intellectual development, language and attitudes, values

The development of thinking and reasoning skills the ability to problem, solve and use ideas and concepts

Working class homes, lack books, educational toys activities to stimulate development, so they start school without intellectual skills. Needed to progress.

Working-class peoples school lower on ability tests. This is due to working-class parents being unable to support their children’s intellectual development.

how mothers think about and choose toys affects the intellectual development, middle-class mothers are more likely to encourage toys that prepare intellectual development

Bernstein

Having limited vocabulary, short often unfinished in grammatical sentences. They are context bound the speaker assumes the listener has shared the same set of experiences.

Why do vocabulary, grammar complex sentences speech, varied, and involves abstract ideas. Context free does not assume that the reader has had the same experience. They have so elaborate.

he says that education system is at fault, because they judge people on the way they speak and I limited vocabulary

Working-class parents place less value on education and have less interest. They visit the school less often and are less likely to discuss progress with teachers so kids have lower levels of achievement motivation.

Working-class parents lack of interest is the main reason for underachievement and more so than financial hardships. Middle-class parents provide motivation and discipline also support

values and beliefs or south impose barriers to the school and work success. Believed that they have less opportunities for academic opportunities. Subculture beliefs don’t want school success, nor know how to get it.

Sugarman

Fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification, present time orientation

what will be will be there is nothing you can do to change your status.

Working-class valued being a part of a group rather than succeeding as individuals

working-class pupils are more likely to prefer immediate gratification that is getting rewards straight away, whereas middle-class, pupils understand the benefits of deferred gratification

Working-class individuals view the present as more important than the future, and consequently they cannot form long-term goals

Keddie

Cultural deprivation theory is a myth and it is victim. Blaming children cannot be deprived of their own culture, but working-class children are currently different. They fail in education because it is dominated by middle-class values.

The problem is not the child language, but the schools attitudes towards it. Teachers have a speech hierarchy.

Working-class not attending parents evenings isn’t because of a lack of interest, but it’s because the working-class have long hours and I’ll put off by the middle class atmosphere

Bourdieu

The having of middle-class attitude, knowledge, value, language, taste and abilities. this, it gives an advantage to those who have it.

they succeed as education system isn’t neutral but favours, middle-class, culture, schools, devalue, working-class culture .

That economic educational and cultural capital can be converted into one another e.g. middle class. Kids with cultural capital are better equipped to meet demands of the school. Wealthier parents can convert economic capital to educational capital by sending kids to private school.

Leech and Campos

Middle-class parents can’t afford to buy houses in catchment areas of good schools. Selection by mortgage drives up house prices and excludes the working class.

Gewirt

privileged, skilled choosers, disconnected local choosers, and then semi skilled choosers

middle-class parents use economic and cultural capital to gain educational capital. They do this by approaching the school and maintaining pressure so that they remember. See school as planning a future. Move child around education system to get the best deal. E.g. pay extra travel costs for better school .

Working-class parents choices are limited due to the lack of economic and cultural capital. They find it difficult to understand the school process and are less aware of choices. They are less able to manipulate the system to their advantage. Also funds are limited so choose local comprehensive School.

working-class parents, but ambitious for their child. They lack cultural capital so find making sense of education market complicated. They often rely on other peoples opinions of schools. Frustrated by their inability to get their child into schools they want