Family- Demography

1801 the population was 10.5 million whereas in 1901, the population was 37 million and now in 2022, it was 67.88 million., Until 1980s, UK population growth was largely the product of natural change that is the result of things being more births than deaths. However, most growth comes from migration., it is the statistics such as birth rates, deaths, income, or incident of disease, which illustrates the changing structure of the human population

The number of the live births per thousand of the population per year

in 1900 England/Wales had a birth rate of 28.7 in 2014. It is estimated at 4 to 12.2 and in 2020 has fallen to 11.4 the city sticks. Show that it has been a long time, decline in numbers of birth since 1900

The average number of children women will have drawing their fertile years

The proportion of women who are of childbearing age, How fertile they are e.g. how many children they have

In the 1960s 2.95 children per woman In 2001, 1.63 children per woman. In 2014 1.83 children per woman In 2019 1.65 children per woman

Contraception, Changing role of women, Decline in infant mortality rate, Attitudes to childbearing

As women now have an increased education opportunity and as we know girls do better in school than boys so more women put their careers before having children and starting a family ., more women in paid employment, as laws have been put in place to outlaw, unequal, pay and sex discrimination against women, they now have a quality with men, and example is women can now vote

argues the education of women is the most important reason for the long-term fall in Bath rates and fertility rates. It has changed the mindset of women resulting in them having fewer children. E.g. in 2012 1/5 women aged 45 were childless double the number 25 years later., Also noted that once a percent of low fertility lasts more than a generation, the cultures norms of family sizes change. Smaller families become the norm and large families could be seen as deviant or less acceptable.

sound that by 2018 it was estimated 1/4 women had no children

Women now have voluntary childlessness as women’s control over their own fertility has seen an increase in numbers of women rejecting childbearing altogether, Hakim - argues that this is a relatively new lifestyle choice that has only been brought about by the contraceptive revolution.

Measures the number of infant to die before their first birthday party. Thousand babies, born alive per year.

as now we have things that improve in mortality rate like improved housing, better nutrients, better medical facilities. It means that women have less children as their children are more likely to survive past their first birthday

Children are now an economic reliability until the last 19th-century children have been economic assets to their parents because they could be sent out to work from an early age. However, since the 19th century, children have gradually become more economic liabilities.

It is the part of the population who are working age, compared with the population who are not working, and therefore dependent on others (e.g. children and retired people)

short term It reduces the burden of dependency (less babies being dependent) however, in the long-term fewer babies, being born, will mean, fewer younger adults, and a smaller working population, thus increasing thus dependency ratio

It has led to smaller family sizes. This means women can be free to go to work plus dual and couples. in contrast, higher dual couples can afford to have a large family and outsource childcare.

it has impacted public services and policies in several ways. For instance, fewer schools , maternity and child health services may be needed. Cost of maternity and parental leave and housing is impacted. Lastly, rising ageing population

Is the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

In 1900 the death rate stood at 19, whereas by 2012, it had more than halfed to 8.9, The death rate has already begun falling from the 1970s and continue to do so until 1930s.

over 3/4 of the decline rate is from about 1950s to 1970s was due to the fall in numbers of deaths from infectious diseases. Infectious diseases were most common in the younger most of the decline was in death rate, occurred in infants, children and young adults. By 1950s so-called diseases of affluence (wealth) such as heart, disease and cancers had replaced infectious diseases as a main cause of death.

where the amount of older people in the population increases

Improved nutrients, Medical improvements/advances, Smoking and diet, Public health measures, other social changes

Mckeown - better nutrients, increased survival chances reduced death rates e.g. reducing death from TB however, he doesn’t explain why women outlive men when they have a smaller food supply, and why some infectious diseases rows at the time of improving nutrients

before the 1950s medical improvements played no part in the reduction of deaths from infectious diseases. But after the 1950s, it did advances including antibodies, blood transfusions and the NHS in 1948. Also other recent developments have reduced death from heart disease.

Harper - decline in death rates is due to less people smoking. But in the 21st-century obesity has replaced smoking e.g. 2012 one quarter of all UK adults wear obese. Despite this increase in obesity, drug therapists have kept the death rates low.

in the 20th century, we saw the rise of effective central and local government with the power to enforce and create laws that improved public health and the quality of the environment . E.g. Improvements in housing, you’re drinking water and improvement of sewage disposal methods

Helped to reduce the death rates during the 20th century. Decline in dangerous, manual occupational jobs, smaller families, reducing transmissions of rare diseases, greater public knowledge, lifestyle, changes, and lastly, higher income

The number of people aged 65 or above equalised, the number of under 15s for the first time ever since 2014, The average age of the UK is rising in 1971. The average was 34.5 years in 2010. It was 40.5 years and in 2031 it is predicted to be 42.6, 1821 - 27% of the population was under 10 and 1% aged over 80 where as today - only 2% of the population is aged under 10 and 4% over 80, between 1971, and 2004, the population aged under 16 decreased by 18% of the population aged over 65, increased by 29%

Increased life expectancy, Decline in infant mortality, Decline, infertility

like nonworking young people, the nonworking old are economically dependent group who need to be provided for. As the raise of retired, people increases the dependency, ratio and burden on the work in population increases. however, it is wrong to assume that older people unnecessarily economically dependent. as in 2020, both men and women will have to wait until they’re 66 to access their state pension.

Chambers notes that there is a growing recognition that family benefits from the presence of grandparents and interactions between grandparents and grandchildren is more meaningful than in the past. This is due to grandparents living longer as they are more healthy and active to compare to previous generations and they contribute to the parenting and socialisation process

The number of pensioners living alone has increased and one pension person households now account for about 14% of households. Most of these are female as women generally live longer than men. The over 75s are twice as many women as men. This is described as a feminisation of later life.

Hirsch - argues that a number of important social policies will need to change to tackle the new population posed by and ageing population. -we will need to finance a longer period of old people by paying more from our savings and taxes. While working, or by working for longer or both. - houses policies will need to change to encourage old people to trade down to smaller accommodation

One consequence of the ageing, population in modern society is the growth of ageism ( the negative stereotypes are equal treatment of older people on the basis of their age)

Hirsch - illustrates that age is a social construct- not a fixed biological fact but something shaped and defined by society.

The fix Alderney stage of life course had broken down. Recent trends including later, marriages and early retirement. There is a blah boundaries between life stages. Now can define ourselves by what we consume., Hunt - we can choose a lifestyle and identity regardless of our age. Age, no longer defined us as they can do this by plastic surgery and goods and services., Hunt - these trends breakdown, the ageist stereotypes found in modern society. The media now produces positive aspects of lifestyle of the elderly.

is defined as those adults with at least one living parent age 65 or older and who are either raising a child younger than 18 or providing financial support (either primary support or some support in the past year) to a grown child age 18 or older.

refers to how long on average, a person born in a given year can expect to live

Males born in England in 1900 could expect on average to live until they were 50 (57 for women) males born in 2013, can expect to live for 90.7 years. (94 years for females.), Over the past two centuries, life expectancy has increased by two years per decade

Refers to the movement of people from place to place it can be internal within a society or international

the movement of individuals away from their country of origin to a new country. (refers to the movement into society.)

the act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another; moving abroad. (refers to the movement out.)

the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants

The economic causes, of push and pull factors

(Pushing them to leave the UK) search as economic recession, and unemployment at home

(attracting them to leave the UK) such as higher wages, or better opportunities abroad

From the 1900 until World War II (1945) the largest immigrant group, but the Irish for economic reasons. Followed by eastern and central European Jews, people of British descent from Canada and the USA, very few immigrants were nonwhite, 1960s/1970s, Asian immigrants and eastern African Asians, by 2011 ethnic minority groups account for 14% of the population which ultimately lead to greater diversity of family patterns

Without nets immigration, the U.K.’s population would be shrinking. Natural increase with births exceeding deaths. However, births to UK born mothers remains low compared to non-UK born mothers (non-born UK mothers account for 20% of all UK births)

Immigration tends to be working age and this helps to lower the dependency ratio. In addition, many old immigrants returns the country of origin to retire., However, because they are younger immigrants have more children that by increasing the ratio of dependency. Overtime, however, these children will join the labour force and help to lower the ratio once again., Finally, the longer a group of settled in the country do close at the facility, Ray comes to the national average, reducing their overall impact on the dependency ratio

Is the idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly interconnected across national boundaries

Platt - indicates that African Caribbean is a more likely than other ethnic minority groups to intermarry with members of another ethnic group, especially white people., some sociologist have suggested that these family types have their own unique problems, such as facing prejudice and discrimination from both the white and black communities