GI 2

通報

問題一覧

Etiology for Cleft Lip/Palate

Decreaed in materal folic acid, smoking, ETOH, genetics, obesity, viruses, medications

Incomplete fusion of naso-medial and intermaxillary processes (4th week of fetal development)

Manifestions of Cleft Lip

HBV, HCV (carrier), persistent manifestations of liver inflammation, predisposed to cirrhosis and liver carcinoma

Chronic Phase

Primary palatal shelves do not fuse (3rd month of fetal development)

Cleft Palate

Cell proliferation, cell migration, cell growth, cell fusion, apoptosis, epithethelial-mesenchymal transition, and extracellular remodeling

Pathophysiology of Cleft Lip/Palate

ABO Rh incompatible, prematurity, breastfeeding, maternal age, delayed meconium passage, birth trauma

Risk Factor for Neonatal Jaundice

Lack of maternal uptake and conjugation of bilirubin

Etiology of Neonatal Jaundice

Jaundice -> Kernicterus in brain cells

Manifestations of Neonatal Jaundice

Increased bilirubin production (hemolysis), impaired hepatic uptake or excretion od unconjugated bilirubin. Delayed maturation of liver conjugated mechanisms.

Pathophysiology of Neonatal Jaundice

Absorb and store non-fat, water soluble nutrients in the liver

Reticuloendothelial cells and hepatocytes

Fat based nutrients get absorbed by

The gut

Counter-current blood flow in villi tips can cause shunting -> oxygen deficiency and necrosis-> ?

Bacterial translocation

Normal motility but difficult passing stool

Functional constipation

Slow colon transit and accumulation of stool in sigmoid colon

Slow transit constipation

Failure of pelvic floor or anal sphincter muscle relaxation

Pelvic floor dysfunction constipation

Caused by opioid use, spinal-cord injury, stroke, Parkinson’s, Hirschsprung disease

Secondary constipation

Etiology of Duodenal Ulcers

-20-50 yo and + family Hx -Ulcerogenic drug use and H pylori (95-100%)

What is the main difference in treatment of mechanical vs functional bowel obstructions?

Mechanical will need surgery

Patho Renal

Patho Renal

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology

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Patho Immunology

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Patho Hematology

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Patho MSK

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Patho Acid Base

Patho Acid Base

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Renal 2

Renal 2

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Fluid Balance

Fluid Balance

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Infections

Infections

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Cancer

Cancer

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