問題一覧
1
A 45-year-old male with schizophrenia is being treated with a 5HT2A receptor antagonist. Which symptom is most likely to improve with this treatment?
Hallucinations
2
A patient with depression is started on a drug that downregulates 5HT1A receptors. Which of the following is the expected outcome?
Increased serotonin release
3
A patient with Parkinson’s disease develops psychosis after starting a serotonin agonist. Which receptor is most likely involved?
5HT2A
4
A patient on an antipsychotic that blocks 5HT2A receptors is experiencing a significant improvement in symptoms but also develops galactorrhea. Which neurotransmitter system is most likely responsible for this side effect?
Dopamine
5
A 23-year-old male with treatment-resistant schizophrenia is prescribed a serotonin-dopamine antagonist. How does this drug primarily reduce positive symptoms?
By blocking D2 and 5HT2A receptors
6
A patient taking an antipsychotic that affects 5HT2A receptors experiences weight gain. What mechanism is most likely responsible for this side effect?
Blockade of 5HT2C receptors
7
A patient with visual hallucinations is suspected of having serotonin hyperfunction. Which receptor’s activity in the visual cortex is most likely responsible?
5HT2A
8
A patient experiences increased anxiety after taking a 5HT3 receptor antagonist. Which neurotransmitter is likely affected by this interaction?
Glutamate
9
A patient with psychosis experiences a decrease in negative symptoms after taking a 5HT1A receptor agonist. What mechanism best explains this improvement?
Increased dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex
10
A patient taking a drug that antagonizes 5HT2A receptors reports improved mood and energy. What other receptor might be indirectly affected, contributing to these improvements?
5HT1A
11
A 30-year-old male develops psychosis after using an NMDA antagonist. What type of symptoms would you expect to worsen?
Positive symptoms like hallucinations
12
A patient with schizophrenia shows worsening symptoms after using a recreational drug known to block NMDA receptors. Which neurotransmitter system is primarily involved?
Glutamate
13
A patient experiences cognitive decline due to glutamate excitotoxicity. Which receptor is most involved in this pathology?
NMDA
14
A patient with schizophrenia is prescribed an NMDA receptor modulator. Which symptom is this drug most likely to improve?
Cognitive deficits
15
A 25-year-old male with psychosis is treated with a glutamate enhancer. Which neurotransmitter system might be indirectly affected, improving both positive and negative symptoms?
Dopamine
16
A patient with schizophrenia is treated with an NMDA receptor agonist. What would be the most likely effect of this treatment on dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex?
Increased dopamine release
17
A 40-year-old patient with depression is given an NMDA receptor antagonist. What is the rationale behind using this treatment for depression?
Enhancing glutamate-mediated neuroplasticity
18
A patient presents with cognitive impairment and is started on a drug that increases glutamate receptor activity. Which receptor is most likely targeted to improve cognition?
NMDA
19
A patient with schizophrenia is being treated with an NMDA receptor antagonist. The patient begins to experience worsening hallucinations. What is the likely cause?
Increased dopamine release in the mesolimbic pathway
20
A patient with psychosis shows improvements after taking an NMDA receptor enhancer. Which mechanism best explains this improvement?
Increased dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex
21
A 28-year-old male with schizophrenia is treated with a D2 receptor antagonist. What symptom would most likely improve with this treatment?
Hallucinations
22
A patient with schizophrenia experiences worsening motor symptoms after taking an antipsychotic that blocks D2 receptors. Which pathway is likely affected?
Nigrostriatal
23
A 35-year-old male with schizophrenia develops hyperprolactinemia after starting an antipsychotic. Which pathway is involved in this side effect?
Tuberoinfundibular
24
A patient experiences improvements in both positive and negative symptoms after being treated with a dopamine-serotonin antagonist. What mechanism best explains this effect?
Blockade of D2 and 5HT2A receptors
25
A patient with schizophrenia is being treated with a D2 receptor antagonist. Which adverse effect would be most likely to occur with long-term use?
Tardive dyskinesia
26
A patient with Parkinson’s disease develops psychotic symptoms after starting dopamine agonist therapy. Which pathway is most likely overstimulated?
Mesolimbic
27
A patient with schizophrenia shows cognitive decline. Which pathway is most likely underactive in this patient?
Mesocortical
28
A patient with schizophrenia is treated with a D2 antagonist. Which of the following is an expected side effect due to decreased dopamine activity in the tuberoinfundibular pathway?
Gynecomastia
29
A 45-year-old female patient with schizophrenia is treated with a D2 antagonist and develops depressive symptoms. Which receptor might be indirectly affected, contributing to these symptoms?
5HT1A
30
A patient with psychosis has hyperdopaminergia in the mesolimbic pathway. What symptom would this patient most likely exhibit?
Hallucinations
31
A 30-year-old male presents with auditory hallucinations and is diagnosed with schizophrenia. Which brain region is most likely involved in his symptoms?
Temporal lobe
32
A patient with schizophrenia has cognitive deficits and reduced motivation. Which brain region is most likely affected?
Prefrontal cortex
33
A patient with schizophrenia has enlarged lateral ventricles on brain imaging. What does this finding suggest about brain pathology?
Gray matter loss
34
A patient with schizophrenia is experiencing auditory hallucinations. Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in this symptom?
Dopamine
35
A patient with schizophrenia has reduced dendritic spine formation in the prefrontal cortex. Which symptom is most likely associated with this finding?
Cognitive deficits
36
A 22-year-old male with schizophrenia is showing improvements in negative symptoms after starting a new medication. Which brain region is most likely targeted by this treatment?
Prefrontal cortex
37
A patient with schizophrenia has decreased brain activity in the prefrontal cortex. Which of the following symptoms would most likely result from this decreased activity?
Social withdrawal
38
A patient with schizophrenia exhibits flat affect and difficulty with executive function. What is the most likely underlying cause of these symptoms?
Dopamine hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex
39
Negative symptoms and cognitive deficits are associated with dopamine hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex. The trick option (B) mesolimbic hyperfunction relates to positive symptoms, not negative ones.
Decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus
40
A patient with schizophrenia has hyperactivity in the amygdala. What symptom would this likely contribute to?
Anxiety and emotional dysregulation
41
A patient with chronic stress presents with symptoms of depression and impaired memory. Which brain region is most likely affected by elevated cortisol levels?
Hippocampus
42
A patient with depression is found to have hyperactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Which hormone is likely elevated in this patient?
Cortisol
43
A 40-year-old female patient reports irregular menstrual cycles and breast discharge. She is taking an antipsychotic medication. Which hormonal pathway is most likely disrupted?
Tuberoinfundibular pathway
44
A patient presents with hyperactivity, insomnia, and weight loss. Which hormone is most likely elevated?
Thyroid hormone
45
A 29-year-old male patient has low levels of melatonin, which is affecting his sleep. Which brain region is responsible for melatonin production?
Pineal gland
46
A patient with Cushing's disease presents with mood swings and memory problems. Which hormone is most likely contributing to these symptoms?
Cortisol
47
A patient presents with symptoms of major depressive disorder and elevated cortisol levels. Which intervention is most likely to address both mood and stress-related symptoms?
Glucocorticoid receptor antagonism
48
A patient with schizophrenia is on an antipsychotic medication and develops hyperprolactinemia. Which hormone is most likely elevated?
Prolactin
49
A patient with chronic insomnia is prescribed a drug that increases melatonin production. Which of the following is the main target of this treatment?
Pineal gland
50
A patient reports feelings of fatigue, low mood, and weight gain. Blood tests reveal low thyroid hormone levels. Which condition is this patient most likely experiencing?
Hypothyroidism
51
A patient undergoes electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for treatment-resistant depression. What is the mechanism by which ECT is thought to improve symptoms?
Resetting electrical activity in the brain
52
A 45-year-old male with epilepsy experiences repeated seizures. Which type of electrical brain activity is most likely contributing to his condition?
Excessive synchronized neuronal firing
53
A patient with major depressive disorder is prescribed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). What is the primary target of this treatment?
Altered electrical activity in the prefrontal cortex
54
A patient with Parkinson’s disease undergoes deep brain stimulation (DBS). Which symptom is most likely to improve as a result of this treatment?
Tremors
55
A patient with epilepsy undergoes vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). How does this treatment help control seizures?
By decreasing electrical activity in the cortex
56
A patient with severe OCD undergoes deep brain stimulation. Which brain region is most likely targeted to alleviate his symptoms?
Subthalamic nucleus
57
A patient experiences excessive electrical activity in the brain, resulting in loss of consciousness. Which condition is most likely occurring?
Seizure
58
A patient with bipolar disorder is treated with ECT. Which of the following is a potential benefit of this therapy?
Rapid mood stabilization
59
A patient with severe depression undergoes repeated TMS sessions. Which symptom would most likely improve?
Mood and energy levels
60
A patient experiences a traumatic brain injury that damages the brain’s ability to generate action potentials. Which neuronal structure is most likely affected?
Axon hillock
61
A 22-year-old patient with a traumatic brain injury shows impaired movement and coordination. Which type of cell is likely involved in the loss of motor function?
Purkinje cells
62
A patient with multiple sclerosis presents with progressive loss of motor function. Which cell type is most likely damaged in this condition?
Oligodendrocytes
63
A patient has difficulty learning and forming new memories after damage to hippocampal circuits. Which type of neuron is most likely affected?
Pyramidal neurons
64
A patient with epilepsy has an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signals in the brain. Which cells are responsible for this imbalance?
Interneurons
65
A patient presents with a traumatic brain injury affecting axon conduction speed. Which structure is likely damaged?
Myelin sheath
66
A patient is experiencing a delay in motor responses after an injury to the spinal cord. Which type of neural circuit is most likely disrupted?
Reflex circuits
67
A patient with a spinal cord injury shows an absence of reflexes. Which cell type is most likely damaged?
Motor neurons
68
A patient with an autoimmune disorder affecting the nervous system exhibits increased inflammation and neuronal damage. Which cell type is primarily responsible for mediating immune responses in the brain?
Microglia
69
A 25-year-old patient with schizophrenia exhibits impaired working memory and decision-making. Dysfunction in which neural circuit is most likely responsible?
Cognitive circuits
70
A patient with traumatic brain injury has difficulty processing sensory input. Damage to which neural circuit is most likely causing this symptom?
Sensory circuits
71
A 25-year-old male presents with severe memory impairment after a traumatic brain injury. Which brain region is most likely affected?
Hippocampus
72
A patient presents with sudden changes in personality and decision-making ability. Which brain region is most likely damaged?
Prefrontal cortex
73
A patient suffers from loss of balance and coordination following a stroke. Which brain structure is likely affected?
Cerebellum
74
A patient with visual hallucinations is found to have a tumor in the occipital lobe. Which symptom is most likely due to this tumor?
Visual disturbances
75
A 60-year-old female presents with difficulty understanding spoken language. Damage to which brain region is most likely responsible for this symptom?
Wernicke’s area
76
A patient suffers from a stroke in the frontal lobe and develops expressive aphasia. Which brain area is most likely damaged?
Broca’s area
77
A patient with damage to the parietal lobe experiences difficulty identifying objects by touch. Which sensory function is most likely affected?
Somatosensation
78
A 55-year-old male presents with changes in emotional regulation after a stroke. Which brain region is most likely affected?
Amygdala
79
A patient presents with impaired sensory and motor function on the right side of the body following a stroke. Which brain hemisphere is most likely affected?
Left hemisphere
80
A patient has difficulty forming new memories after a traumatic brain injury. Damage to which brain structure is most likely responsible?
Hippocampus
81
A 40-year-old male presents with impaired voluntary movement after a stroke. Which neural pathway is most likely affected?
Corticospinal tract
82
A patient experiences chronic pain following nerve damage. Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for transmitting pain signals?
Substance P
83
A 30-year-old male experiences severe muscle weakness due to decreased acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Which condition is this patient most likely experiencing?
Myasthenia gravis
84
A patient with Alzheimer's disease shows memory deficits. Which neurotransmitter is most likely depleted in this condition?
Acetylcholine
85
A patient experiences sudden paralysis on the left side of the body due to a stroke. Which brain hemisphere is most likely affected?
Right hemisphere
86
A 65-year-old male is diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. Which neurotransmitter is most likely deficient in this patient?
Dopamine
87
A patient with epilepsy experiences seizures originating from the temporal lobe. Which function is most likely affected by this seizure activity?
Language comprehension
88
A patient presents with a loss of sensation on the right side of the body. Which brain structure is most likely involved in this condition?
Left parietal lobe
89
A patient with schizophrenia has reduced dopamine transmission in the prefrontal cortex. Which symptom is most likely associated with this dopamine deficiency?
Cognitive impairment
90
A patient experiences impaired coordination and motor skills after damage to the cerebellum. Which function is most likely affected?
Balance and motor coordination
91
A patient with anxiety is prescribed a benzodiazepine. Which receptor does this drug primarily target to reduce symptoms?
GABA-A receptor
92
A patient with schizophrenia is prescribed an antipsychotic that blocks D2 receptors. Which neurotransmitter's signaling is being reduced by this treatment?
Dopamine
93
A 35-year-old female with major depression is started on an SSRI. What is the primary effect of this drug on neurotransmitter activity?
Decreases serotonin reuptake
94
A patient with Alzheimer's disease is given a drug that increases acetylcholine activity. Which receptor is most likely being targeted?
Nicotinic receptor
95
A patient experiences psychotic symptoms after taking LSD. Which receptor is most likely overstimulated by this drug?
5HT2A
96
A patient with epilepsy is treated with a drug that enhances GABAergic transmission. Which receptor is most likely affected by this treatment?
GABA-A receptor
97
A 25-year-old male with schizophrenia is prescribed a serotonin-dopamine antagonist. What is the primary effect of this drug?
Decrease in dopamine and serotonin activity in the mesolimbic pathway
98
A patient with Parkinson’s disease is given a dopamine agonist. Which receptor is most likely activated by this treatment?
D2 receptor
99
A patient is experiencing cognitive deficits and memory impairment due to decreased glutamate signaling. Which receptor is most likely involved?
NMDA receptor
100
A 30-year-old male experiences sedation after taking an antihistamine. Which receptor is likely blocked, contributing to this effect?
H1 receptor
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54問 • 2年前問題一覧
1
A 45-year-old male with schizophrenia is being treated with a 5HT2A receptor antagonist. Which symptom is most likely to improve with this treatment?
Hallucinations
2
A patient with depression is started on a drug that downregulates 5HT1A receptors. Which of the following is the expected outcome?
Increased serotonin release
3
A patient with Parkinson’s disease develops psychosis after starting a serotonin agonist. Which receptor is most likely involved?
5HT2A
4
A patient on an antipsychotic that blocks 5HT2A receptors is experiencing a significant improvement in symptoms but also develops galactorrhea. Which neurotransmitter system is most likely responsible for this side effect?
Dopamine
5
A 23-year-old male with treatment-resistant schizophrenia is prescribed a serotonin-dopamine antagonist. How does this drug primarily reduce positive symptoms?
By blocking D2 and 5HT2A receptors
6
A patient taking an antipsychotic that affects 5HT2A receptors experiences weight gain. What mechanism is most likely responsible for this side effect?
Blockade of 5HT2C receptors
7
A patient with visual hallucinations is suspected of having serotonin hyperfunction. Which receptor’s activity in the visual cortex is most likely responsible?
5HT2A
8
A patient experiences increased anxiety after taking a 5HT3 receptor antagonist. Which neurotransmitter is likely affected by this interaction?
Glutamate
9
A patient with psychosis experiences a decrease in negative symptoms after taking a 5HT1A receptor agonist. What mechanism best explains this improvement?
Increased dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex
10
A patient taking a drug that antagonizes 5HT2A receptors reports improved mood and energy. What other receptor might be indirectly affected, contributing to these improvements?
5HT1A
11
A 30-year-old male develops psychosis after using an NMDA antagonist. What type of symptoms would you expect to worsen?
Positive symptoms like hallucinations
12
A patient with schizophrenia shows worsening symptoms after using a recreational drug known to block NMDA receptors. Which neurotransmitter system is primarily involved?
Glutamate
13
A patient experiences cognitive decline due to glutamate excitotoxicity. Which receptor is most involved in this pathology?
NMDA
14
A patient with schizophrenia is prescribed an NMDA receptor modulator. Which symptom is this drug most likely to improve?
Cognitive deficits
15
A 25-year-old male with psychosis is treated with a glutamate enhancer. Which neurotransmitter system might be indirectly affected, improving both positive and negative symptoms?
Dopamine
16
A patient with schizophrenia is treated with an NMDA receptor agonist. What would be the most likely effect of this treatment on dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex?
Increased dopamine release
17
A 40-year-old patient with depression is given an NMDA receptor antagonist. What is the rationale behind using this treatment for depression?
Enhancing glutamate-mediated neuroplasticity
18
A patient presents with cognitive impairment and is started on a drug that increases glutamate receptor activity. Which receptor is most likely targeted to improve cognition?
NMDA
19
A patient with schizophrenia is being treated with an NMDA receptor antagonist. The patient begins to experience worsening hallucinations. What is the likely cause?
Increased dopamine release in the mesolimbic pathway
20
A patient with psychosis shows improvements after taking an NMDA receptor enhancer. Which mechanism best explains this improvement?
Increased dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex
21
A 28-year-old male with schizophrenia is treated with a D2 receptor antagonist. What symptom would most likely improve with this treatment?
Hallucinations
22
A patient with schizophrenia experiences worsening motor symptoms after taking an antipsychotic that blocks D2 receptors. Which pathway is likely affected?
Nigrostriatal
23
A 35-year-old male with schizophrenia develops hyperprolactinemia after starting an antipsychotic. Which pathway is involved in this side effect?
Tuberoinfundibular
24
A patient experiences improvements in both positive and negative symptoms after being treated with a dopamine-serotonin antagonist. What mechanism best explains this effect?
Blockade of D2 and 5HT2A receptors
25
A patient with schizophrenia is being treated with a D2 receptor antagonist. Which adverse effect would be most likely to occur with long-term use?
Tardive dyskinesia
26
A patient with Parkinson’s disease develops psychotic symptoms after starting dopamine agonist therapy. Which pathway is most likely overstimulated?
Mesolimbic
27
A patient with schizophrenia shows cognitive decline. Which pathway is most likely underactive in this patient?
Mesocortical
28
A patient with schizophrenia is treated with a D2 antagonist. Which of the following is an expected side effect due to decreased dopamine activity in the tuberoinfundibular pathway?
Gynecomastia
29
A 45-year-old female patient with schizophrenia is treated with a D2 antagonist and develops depressive symptoms. Which receptor might be indirectly affected, contributing to these symptoms?
5HT1A
30
A patient with psychosis has hyperdopaminergia in the mesolimbic pathway. What symptom would this patient most likely exhibit?
Hallucinations
31
A 30-year-old male presents with auditory hallucinations and is diagnosed with schizophrenia. Which brain region is most likely involved in his symptoms?
Temporal lobe
32
A patient with schizophrenia has cognitive deficits and reduced motivation. Which brain region is most likely affected?
Prefrontal cortex
33
A patient with schizophrenia has enlarged lateral ventricles on brain imaging. What does this finding suggest about brain pathology?
Gray matter loss
34
A patient with schizophrenia is experiencing auditory hallucinations. Which neurotransmitter is most likely involved in this symptom?
Dopamine
35
A patient with schizophrenia has reduced dendritic spine formation in the prefrontal cortex. Which symptom is most likely associated with this finding?
Cognitive deficits
36
A 22-year-old male with schizophrenia is showing improvements in negative symptoms after starting a new medication. Which brain region is most likely targeted by this treatment?
Prefrontal cortex
37
A patient with schizophrenia has decreased brain activity in the prefrontal cortex. Which of the following symptoms would most likely result from this decreased activity?
Social withdrawal
38
A patient with schizophrenia exhibits flat affect and difficulty with executive function. What is the most likely underlying cause of these symptoms?
Dopamine hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex
39
Negative symptoms and cognitive deficits are associated with dopamine hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex. The trick option (B) mesolimbic hyperfunction relates to positive symptoms, not negative ones.
Decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus
40
A patient with schizophrenia has hyperactivity in the amygdala. What symptom would this likely contribute to?
Anxiety and emotional dysregulation
41
A patient with chronic stress presents with symptoms of depression and impaired memory. Which brain region is most likely affected by elevated cortisol levels?
Hippocampus
42
A patient with depression is found to have hyperactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Which hormone is likely elevated in this patient?
Cortisol
43
A 40-year-old female patient reports irregular menstrual cycles and breast discharge. She is taking an antipsychotic medication. Which hormonal pathway is most likely disrupted?
Tuberoinfundibular pathway
44
A patient presents with hyperactivity, insomnia, and weight loss. Which hormone is most likely elevated?
Thyroid hormone
45
A 29-year-old male patient has low levels of melatonin, which is affecting his sleep. Which brain region is responsible for melatonin production?
Pineal gland
46
A patient with Cushing's disease presents with mood swings and memory problems. Which hormone is most likely contributing to these symptoms?
Cortisol
47
A patient presents with symptoms of major depressive disorder and elevated cortisol levels. Which intervention is most likely to address both mood and stress-related symptoms?
Glucocorticoid receptor antagonism
48
A patient with schizophrenia is on an antipsychotic medication and develops hyperprolactinemia. Which hormone is most likely elevated?
Prolactin
49
A patient with chronic insomnia is prescribed a drug that increases melatonin production. Which of the following is the main target of this treatment?
Pineal gland
50
A patient reports feelings of fatigue, low mood, and weight gain. Blood tests reveal low thyroid hormone levels. Which condition is this patient most likely experiencing?
Hypothyroidism
51
A patient undergoes electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for treatment-resistant depression. What is the mechanism by which ECT is thought to improve symptoms?
Resetting electrical activity in the brain
52
A 45-year-old male with epilepsy experiences repeated seizures. Which type of electrical brain activity is most likely contributing to his condition?
Excessive synchronized neuronal firing
53
A patient with major depressive disorder is prescribed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). What is the primary target of this treatment?
Altered electrical activity in the prefrontal cortex
54
A patient with Parkinson’s disease undergoes deep brain stimulation (DBS). Which symptom is most likely to improve as a result of this treatment?
Tremors
55
A patient with epilepsy undergoes vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). How does this treatment help control seizures?
By decreasing electrical activity in the cortex
56
A patient with severe OCD undergoes deep brain stimulation. Which brain region is most likely targeted to alleviate his symptoms?
Subthalamic nucleus
57
A patient experiences excessive electrical activity in the brain, resulting in loss of consciousness. Which condition is most likely occurring?
Seizure
58
A patient with bipolar disorder is treated with ECT. Which of the following is a potential benefit of this therapy?
Rapid mood stabilization
59
A patient with severe depression undergoes repeated TMS sessions. Which symptom would most likely improve?
Mood and energy levels
60
A patient experiences a traumatic brain injury that damages the brain’s ability to generate action potentials. Which neuronal structure is most likely affected?
Axon hillock
61
A 22-year-old patient with a traumatic brain injury shows impaired movement and coordination. Which type of cell is likely involved in the loss of motor function?
Purkinje cells
62
A patient with multiple sclerosis presents with progressive loss of motor function. Which cell type is most likely damaged in this condition?
Oligodendrocytes
63
A patient has difficulty learning and forming new memories after damage to hippocampal circuits. Which type of neuron is most likely affected?
Pyramidal neurons
64
A patient with epilepsy has an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signals in the brain. Which cells are responsible for this imbalance?
Interneurons
65
A patient presents with a traumatic brain injury affecting axon conduction speed. Which structure is likely damaged?
Myelin sheath
66
A patient is experiencing a delay in motor responses after an injury to the spinal cord. Which type of neural circuit is most likely disrupted?
Reflex circuits
67
A patient with a spinal cord injury shows an absence of reflexes. Which cell type is most likely damaged?
Motor neurons
68
A patient with an autoimmune disorder affecting the nervous system exhibits increased inflammation and neuronal damage. Which cell type is primarily responsible for mediating immune responses in the brain?
Microglia
69
A 25-year-old patient with schizophrenia exhibits impaired working memory and decision-making. Dysfunction in which neural circuit is most likely responsible?
Cognitive circuits
70
A patient with traumatic brain injury has difficulty processing sensory input. Damage to which neural circuit is most likely causing this symptom?
Sensory circuits
71
A 25-year-old male presents with severe memory impairment after a traumatic brain injury. Which brain region is most likely affected?
Hippocampus
72
A patient presents with sudden changes in personality and decision-making ability. Which brain region is most likely damaged?
Prefrontal cortex
73
A patient suffers from loss of balance and coordination following a stroke. Which brain structure is likely affected?
Cerebellum
74
A patient with visual hallucinations is found to have a tumor in the occipital lobe. Which symptom is most likely due to this tumor?
Visual disturbances
75
A 60-year-old female presents with difficulty understanding spoken language. Damage to which brain region is most likely responsible for this symptom?
Wernicke’s area
76
A patient suffers from a stroke in the frontal lobe and develops expressive aphasia. Which brain area is most likely damaged?
Broca’s area
77
A patient with damage to the parietal lobe experiences difficulty identifying objects by touch. Which sensory function is most likely affected?
Somatosensation
78
A 55-year-old male presents with changes in emotional regulation after a stroke. Which brain region is most likely affected?
Amygdala
79
A patient presents with impaired sensory and motor function on the right side of the body following a stroke. Which brain hemisphere is most likely affected?
Left hemisphere
80
A patient has difficulty forming new memories after a traumatic brain injury. Damage to which brain structure is most likely responsible?
Hippocampus
81
A 40-year-old male presents with impaired voluntary movement after a stroke. Which neural pathway is most likely affected?
Corticospinal tract
82
A patient experiences chronic pain following nerve damage. Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for transmitting pain signals?
Substance P
83
A 30-year-old male experiences severe muscle weakness due to decreased acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Which condition is this patient most likely experiencing?
Myasthenia gravis
84
A patient with Alzheimer's disease shows memory deficits. Which neurotransmitter is most likely depleted in this condition?
Acetylcholine
85
A patient experiences sudden paralysis on the left side of the body due to a stroke. Which brain hemisphere is most likely affected?
Right hemisphere
86
A 65-year-old male is diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. Which neurotransmitter is most likely deficient in this patient?
Dopamine
87
A patient with epilepsy experiences seizures originating from the temporal lobe. Which function is most likely affected by this seizure activity?
Language comprehension
88
A patient presents with a loss of sensation on the right side of the body. Which brain structure is most likely involved in this condition?
Left parietal lobe
89
A patient with schizophrenia has reduced dopamine transmission in the prefrontal cortex. Which symptom is most likely associated with this dopamine deficiency?
Cognitive impairment
90
A patient experiences impaired coordination and motor skills after damage to the cerebellum. Which function is most likely affected?
Balance and motor coordination
91
A patient with anxiety is prescribed a benzodiazepine. Which receptor does this drug primarily target to reduce symptoms?
GABA-A receptor
92
A patient with schizophrenia is prescribed an antipsychotic that blocks D2 receptors. Which neurotransmitter's signaling is being reduced by this treatment?
Dopamine
93
A 35-year-old female with major depression is started on an SSRI. What is the primary effect of this drug on neurotransmitter activity?
Decreases serotonin reuptake
94
A patient with Alzheimer's disease is given a drug that increases acetylcholine activity. Which receptor is most likely being targeted?
Nicotinic receptor
95
A patient experiences psychotic symptoms after taking LSD. Which receptor is most likely overstimulated by this drug?
5HT2A
96
A patient with epilepsy is treated with a drug that enhances GABAergic transmission. Which receptor is most likely affected by this treatment?
GABA-A receptor
97
A 25-year-old male with schizophrenia is prescribed a serotonin-dopamine antagonist. What is the primary effect of this drug?
Decrease in dopamine and serotonin activity in the mesolimbic pathway
98
A patient with Parkinson’s disease is given a dopamine agonist. Which receptor is most likely activated by this treatment?
D2 receptor
99
A patient is experiencing cognitive deficits and memory impairment due to decreased glutamate signaling. Which receptor is most likely involved?
NMDA receptor
100
A 30-year-old male experiences sedation after taking an antihistamine. Which receptor is likely blocked, contributing to this effect?
H1 receptor