Has a stronger affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen causing ischemia and cell injury

Synthesize leukotrines, prostaglandins, platelet-activating factors.

Found in paint dust soil, builds up over time causing neurological, musculoskeletal, endocrine, reproductive, and dental problems.

Pathophysiologic cell destruction, breaking down cell membrane leak into extracellular space resulting in inflammation.

Must be induced, specific response, generates long term protection and memory.

Prevents spread, traps antigen, stops bleeding, creates fibrin mesh

Always ready to respond, general response, short duration.

Cellular adaptation that may be reversible in which one cell type is replaced by another.

Effect is not dose related, there is no “safe” threshold

Arsenic and Cyanide

Associated with allergic response, important for Ab response in B-Cells.

Squamous epithelium replaced with Columnar epithelium (Barrett’s Esophagus).

Cellular adaption by increasing number of cells leads to increased tissue and organ size.

Send messages and coordinate the inflammatory response.

Blocks intercellular use of oxygen

Second line of defense. Respond immediately that includes stages of protection (vascular, plasma protein, and cell mediator responses).

Cellular adaption decreasing cell size and metabolic demand leads to increased cellular efficiency.

Complement, Clotting,and Kinin Cascades.

Phagocytes use oxygen to generate ROS, what turns off this destructive mechanism?

IL-1 act on hypothalamus causing fever, leukocytosis (left shift), synthesize plasma proteins (acute phase reactants, C reactive protein, fibrinogen, ferritin).

Occurs naturally, treats leukemia, replaces phosphate in ATP to damage mitochondria

Enhances endothelial cell molecules, starts chemokine production, leads to fever, septic shock, and cachexia.

Slows metabolism and ATPase pump for therapeutic effect

Cell destruction for survival activated in stress response leading to lysosomes to catabolize cellular components.

Not a true cellular adaptation. Disordered cell growth with a changes in cell size, shape, and organization associated with chronic irritation, inflammation, pre-cancerous and cancerous growths.

Recognize patterns and cell damage, and activates complement cascade.

Physiologic programmed cell death requiring ATP with no negative effects

Cellular adaptation increasing cell size leading to increased protein synthesis and tissue and organ size.

Release Histamine I and Histamine S. Chemotaxic factors - neutrophils and eosinophils.

Weightlifting and Pregnancy

First line of defense with layers of protection (skin, low PH stomach urine, ciliary action).

must give up or gain electron binding to lipids (cell membrane)

Presenting and packaging naive antigen

hydroxyl radicals, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide

Found in connective tissue close to blood vessels and lungs and GI tract.

Cervical Cancer

produced my cells infected by viruses. functions to attach to cells not affected by virus to stimulate proteins that prevent viral replication enhancing acquired immunity.

Achondroplasia

colorless, odorless, created from burning wood, gas, propane, charcoal.

In early inflammation, engulf bacteria dead cells and debris.

Not a true leukocyte, engulf viruses and some cancer cells.

Endometrium during menses

On cell surface working as markers for T-cells

Cell recycling to salvage cellular components, primarily ATP. Implicated in cancer and dementia.

complement brings leukocyte to inflammation site to recognize, engulf, fuse, and destroy antigen.

Can damage cell membrane directly or creating ROS that does the damage, leads to calcium influx injury.

Slow accumulation over time deadly

Vasodilation increases vascular permeability cause WBC to migrate causes redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

Dose related effects with a “safe” threshold

Metabolized to Acetaldehyde

Antigen that induces an immune response.

Presenting and packaging known antigen.

Cardiac muscle response to hypertension

Tonsils in adolescents

Local effects: vasodilation (common), vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, nerve cell stimulation, leukocyte chemotaxis (common).

Thymus in infant

Engulf parasites and regulate mast cell response, associated with allergic reactions.

Wernicke Encephalopathy and Peripheral Neuropathy

Drugs, metals, ethanol, carbon monoxide

Non-Therapeutic Hypothermia

Disrupts calcium homeostasis and substitutes for other substances (iron, Vit D, Mag, Zinc) in metabolism

Damages cells and weakens immune system seen in: periodontitis, DMII, obesity, CV disease, Alzheimer’s, insulin resistance, frailty.

Post injury facilitates blood clotting and passage of cells (RBC, PLT, WBC) and fluid to site.

Activated as part of stress response leading to lysozymes breaking down Cellular components in order to salvage primarily ATP.

Too many cytokines released too quickly at once (PRO-inflammatory ILs). Fever is hallmark symptom. COVID and CAR-T cells.

Cellular immunity, stimulate cytokine response to activate leukocyte response or kill target directly. Do not produce Abs. Slow to respond. When impaired likely to have opportunistic infections.

Non-specific response to foreign substance in phases, no memory

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium replaced with squamous epithelium.

Bone marrow in anemia

Occurs in Thymus, has two chains

Short acting, rapidly degrade, primary protein is bradykinin

causes inflammation implicated in many diseases (CV disease, DMII, aging, cancer, autoimmune) as a result of damage to cell membrane, DNA, and mitochondria.

IL, TNF-a, Interferons, Chemokines

Replaces nutrients causing deficiencies in magnesium, Vit B6, phosphorus, folic acid and alters protein synthesis.

Skin and brain in aging

Anti-Inflammatory

initiate cellular inflammatory response, long term clean up and healing.

How do you know hypoxia is occurring?

Hepatotoxicity and Cirrhosis caused by.

Disuse of muscle (leg in cast)

Pro-Inflammatory

Thymus, Lymph Nodes, and Mucosal associated with Lymph Tissue

Tylenol, Vancomycin, Cephalosporins, Quinolones.

too small to be Immunogenic so binds with larger proteins.

Specific Response

Pro-Inflammatory

Antigen-Ab complex, complements activated, mast cell degranulation, histamine release, leukocyte chemotaxis, opsonization, cell lysis.

Messenger cells that create chemical communication network and mediate ramping up or slowing down immune system.

Proteins that produce factors that destroy pathogens activating innate and adaptive responses.

Produced by Macrophages and Leukocytes, alter adhesion molecule expression, stimulate leukocyte production in bone marrow and bring them to inflammation site to enhance and suppress inflammation.

Oxygen is restored to cells creating a ROS leading to cell membrane damage.

Single exposure deadly

Mitochondria can’t make ATP. Electrolyte pump fails and cell swells. ER can’t work to make proteins. Looses membrane potential and structure fails.

Produced by macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells in response to PRO-inflammatory cytokines. induces leukocyte chemotaxis and involved in cancer growth.

Presents the antigen to the lymphocytes.

Denervation

Ischemia causes increase in extra cellular calcium. Na Ca pump fails. Water and Ca moves into the cell and swells and damages nucleic acids, proteins, cell membrane. Ca activates enzymes lead to cell death.

Nonspecific Response

Humoral Immunity, work outside cells binding to and neutralizing antigens, secretes Abs, responds quickly, when impaired cause systemic responses and more susceptible to encapsulated organisms.