NURS 5140 Exam 1 Review Part 1

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問題一覧

Which receptor is involved in serotonin's regulation of its own release?

5HT1A

What is the effect of 5HT1A receptor activation?

Inhibits serotonin release

Hyperfunctioning of which serotonin receptor is linked to psychosis?

5HT2A

Which drug can cause psychosis by acting on the 5HT2A receptor?

LSD

What neurotransmitter does serotonin regulate via the 5HT3 receptor?

Glutamate

Serotonin hyperactivity is linked to which symptom in schizophrenia?

Positive symptoms

Which serotonin receptor is primarily located on GABA interneurons and is generally inhibitory?

5HT2C

The downregulation of which receptor is critical to antidepressant actions?

5HT1A

Which receptor subtype is linked to the regulation of prolactin in schizophrenia?

5HT2A

Serotonin hyperactivity is hypothesized to cause which of the following effects?

Increased dopamine release in mesolimbic pathways

Which glutamate receptor is thought to be hypofunctional in schizophrenia?

NMDA

What is a common effect of NMDA receptor hypofunction?

Psychosis

Which drug mimics NMDA receptor hypofunction and induces psychosis?

Ketamine

What process helps with the reuptake and degradation of glutamate?

Astrocytes

NMDA receptor dysfunction is most directly linked to which symptom of schizophrenia?

Positive symptoms

How is glutamate synthesized in the brain?

From glucose

The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests what type of downstream effect?

Hyperdopaminergia

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main glutamate receptors?

GABA-B

Blocking NMDA receptors leads to the development of symptoms resembling which disorder?

Schizophrenia

Which cells play a key role in recycling glutamate in the brain?

Glial cells

Excess dopamine in the mesolimbic pathway is primarily linked to which type of symptom in schizophrenia?

Positive symptoms

The classical dopamine hypothesis of psychosis is based on overactivity in which pathway?

Mesolimbic

The mesocortical pathway is primarily responsible for which symptoms in schizophrenia?

Negative and cognitive symptoms

What effect does dopamine blockade in the nigrostriatal pathway have?

Reduced motor control

Which dopamine receptor subtype is excitatory?

Dopamine’s action is terminated in the synapse through which of the following mechanisms?

Reuptake by DAT

Excessive dopamine in which pathway is thought to underlie hyperkinetic movement disorders?

Nigrostriatal

Which dopamine receptor subtype is primarily involved in regulating prolactin?

What symptom is linked to low dopamine levels in the mesocortical pathway?

Negative symptoms

Chronic blockade of D2 receptors in the nigrostriatal pathway can lead to:

Tardive dyskinesia

The "positive symptoms" of schizophrenia primarily include:

Hallucinations and delusions

Which of the following findings is associated with schizophrenia in brain imaging studies?

Enlarged lateral ventricles

The reduced neuropil hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests:

Reduced cell size and branching

Schizophrenia has been linked to excessive pruning mediated by which immune component?

C4 protein

Which symptom is associated with GABA neuron dysfunction in schizophrenia?

Impaired working memory

The reduced synthesis of which enzyme is linked to GABA neuron impairment in schizophrenia?

GAD67

Genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia has been linked to:

DNA methylation

Which brain structure is implicated in auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia?

Auditory cortex

Which of the following environmental factors increases the risk of developing schizophrenia?

Urban living

Overactivity in which neurotransmitter system has been the primary focus of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

Dopamine

Hormones differ from neurotransmitters in that they:

Act gradually over time

Which of the following is a primary endocrine gland located in the brain?

Hypothalamus

What role does the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis play in stress response?

Regulates the release of cortisol

Chronic activation of the HPA axis has been linked to:

Hippocampal atrophy

Dysregulation of which axis is associated with mood disorders such as depression and anxiety?

HPA axis

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle?

Melatonin

Which type of hormone has a genomic effect on target cells by altering gene expression?f

Steroid hormones

Which brain region is most negatively impacted by chronic glucocorticoid exposure?

Hippocampus

Treatments targeting which receptor have been investigated for the management of depression?

CRF1 receptor

What is the main function of the pituitary gland in the brain?

Regulation of endocrine functions

The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it regulates the function of other endocrine glands in the body.

fMRI

Luigi Galvani demonstrated that the brain generates:

Electricity

Which of the following is associated with excessive electrical activity in the brain?

Seizures

Which device measures the sum electrical activity of large pyramidal neurons?

EEG

Insufficient electrical activity in the brain can result in:

Coma

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is used to treat:

Migraines

What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?

Maintain resting membrane potential

Which of the following techniques is used to map sensory and motor cortex regions?

Montreal Procedure

Myelin’s primary function in neurons is to:

Speed up electrical signal transmission

Which disorder is associated with repeated excessive electrical stimulation eventually leading to spontaneous activity?

Epilepsy

The neuron is referred to as the "workhorse" of the brain. Which type of neuron is common in layers III or V of gray matter?

Pyramidal neuron

Which ion is primarily responsible for depolarization during action potential?

Sodium (Na+)

Which cells modulate synaptic activity but are not neurons?

Glial cells

Which type of postsynaptic potential makes the neuron more likely to fire an action potential?

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

The axon hillock is the location where:

The neuron decides to fire an action potential

Myelination of the prefrontal cortex is delayed until what age?

Mid-20s

Which non-neuronal cells play a crucial role in immune responses within the CNS?

Microglia

What structure in the neuron is most responsible for propagating an action potential?

Axon

In the brain, where does neurogenesis persist into adulthood?

Hippocampus

Which type of circuit coordinates behavior and may explain psychiatric disorders when dysfunctional?

Emotional circuits

Which embryonic layer gives rise to the nervous system?

Ectoderm

Gray matter primarily consists of:

Neuronal cell bodies and synapses

Brodmann's areas are based on differences in:

Size, number, and density of cells

The hippocampus is essential for:

Memory formation

The amygdala is primarily involved in:

Emotional processing

Which region of the brain acts as the control center for homeostatic functions such as temperature regulation?

Hypothalamus

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is activated during the "fight or flight" response?

Sympathetic nervous system

The cerebellum is traditionally associated with:

Motor coordination

What is the primary role of the blood-brain barrier?

Protect the brain from harmful substances

Which brain region is responsible for neurogenesis in the adult brain?

Hippocampus

Mental illness tends to run in families. The likelihood of developing schizophrenia increases based on:

The percentage of shared DNA

Animal studies that domesticated wild foxes demonstrated that:

Domesticated animals produce higher levels of serotonin

What concept suggests that the brain changes in response to experience?

Plasticity

How are mental illnesses typically diagnosed?

Symptom-based criteria

What did Broca first demonstrate in 1861 about brain functions?

Different functions are localized to specific brain regions

What is the significance of brain plasticity as demonstrated by Eric Kandel?

Learning changes the chemical composition of brain cells

Which brain imaging technique is NOT used to analyze brain structure or function in psychiatric disorders?

Ultrasound

Which percentage of the mouse genome is identical to the human genome in protein-coding regions?

85%

Optogenetics, a new technique for understanding neural circuits, uses what to manipulate neurons?

Light

What is the function of induced pluripotent stem cells in brain research?

They develop into any type of cell in the body

An agonist stimulates the action of a natural ligand by:

Opening the receptor

What type of receptor is directly linked to ion channels and changes ion flow when activated?

Ionotropic

Which receptors primarily regulate neurotransmitter release by detecting the presence of the neurotransmitter?

Autoreceptors

What happens when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the postsynaptic cell?

It activates a G-protein that triggers further intracellular processes

Which neurotransmitter receptor is the primary target of benzodiazepines?

GABA-A

What is the role of presynaptic dopamine D2 receptors?

They inhibit dopamine release

Which serotonin receptor subtype is responsible for the hallucinogenic effects of drugs like LSD?

5HT2A

Which dopamine receptor subtype is involved in voluntary movement and is targeted in antipsychotic treatments?

Which acetylcholine receptor subtype is primarily involved in cognitive function and synaptic plasticity?

100

Histamine H1 receptors are associated with:

Sedation and arousal

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