Strong predictor of cardiac events

Direct vasodilator lowering BP

Times of decreaed O2 demand:

Comparing Catecholamines

Amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute

Three subunits of Troponin

Extensive lattice of vessels that supply blood to the cells/areas of substrate exchange (thin walled with pores for permeability)

Percent of blood in chamber that is ejected with each systole

Comparing Catecholamines

Infant = 10-15 woods/m2. 1-2 yrs old = 15-20 woods/m2. Child-Adult = 15-30 woods/m2.

Chronic inflammation resulting in damage to arterial walls and plaque formation

Two polypeptide chains wrapped in spiral forming a double helix

Spread of depolarization through atria, followed by atrial contraction

Flexible Hinge and Arm Connected to Myosin Heads

Affinity for Calcium

Responds to Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), stimulates renin-angiotensin system (RASS)

Dietary fat packaged in small intestine—> chylomicrons —> liver —> processed into:

Helix backbone, F-actin and G-actin

Step 1 of Atherosclerosis

Transient inability of coronary arteries to deliver enough oxygen to myocardial cells (supply-demand mismatch). Begins after 10 secs (cells can survive 20 mins)

Indicator of cardiac risk but in context of other factors (age, diabetes, CKD)

Unstable plaques prone to rupture

Globular polypeptide with associated light chains

Supports Sodium Excretion

Site of automaticity due to slow leak of NA ions (the most Na leak channels) that slowly increase intracellular charge until action potential is fired releasing Ca from the muscle fibers to cause myosin/actin contraction

Diffusion of Potassium

<8 weeks of age = 8-10 woods/m2. >8 weeks of age = 1-3 woods/m2.

Time cardiac muscle is refractory to additional stimulation

Phases of Action Potential

Contributes to blood pressure regulation, promotes cardiac contactility, controls arteriolar vasoconstriction (peripheral vascular resistance)

Potassium rapidly diffuses out of the cell and the intracellular negativity increases to resting state.

The active site for cross-bridges with myosin

HR x Stroke Volume

Pain without ambulation found in PAD

Thick protein filament, dark bands or A Bands (anisotropic), small projections from sides that form cross-bridges

Contraction units of Cardiac Muscle

Individual Myosin Molecules Bundled Together to Form the Body Where Cross-Bridge Hangs

Protein wrapped around F-actin, blocks active site

Step 2 of Atherosclerosis

Lesion in arteries filled with lipids and marcophages (stable or unstable)

Circumflex Artery supplies blood to?

Step 3 of Atherosclerosis

Associated with pregnancy, cocaine and meth use, adrenal tumors, ETOH withdrawal

Deposited in tunica media and assists with vasoconstriction and increasing BP

Amount of blood ejected with each contraction of the heart

Concentration of Sodium in the Cell

Caused by underlying disease process (renal, pheochromocytoma, pregnancy) increasing PVR and CO

Associated with things that remodel the atria: (HF, ischemic CV disease, HTN, Obesity, OSA, rheumatic heart disease)

Local, temporary oxygen depravation. Cells live but cannot function normally.

Volume of blood returning to the heart from systemic circulation = RA pressure or CVP

Deopolarization of the ventricle, followed by ventricular contraction

Constriction and Relaxation of Smooth Muscle of Arteries and Arterioles controlled by:

Primary causes of dyslipidemia

Persistent ischemia or complete occlusion of coronary artery. Commonly myocardial infarction.

Anount of blood in venous system

Myofilament and Actin Interaction

Portion of myofibrils between two Z-Discs

Repolarization of the ventricles, happens just before the end of ventricular contraction

Thin protein filament, light band or I band (isotopic)

Vascular remodeling—> fibrosis of vessels—> organ injury (cardiac muscle, retina, kidneys, brain). LV Hypertrophy-> HF.

Protective against atherosclerosis- want high level to remove access cholesterol from arterial walls

Affinity for Tropomyosin

Enzyme in Head for Energy Production

Times of increased O2 demand:

Systemtic pressure = pressure the heart must pump against to circulate blood = MAP

Left Anterior Descending Artery provides blood to?

Affinity for actin

Transport blood from the Venules back to the heart. Act as a reservior (low pressure system, thin walls)

Site of connecting myofibrils

Amount of blood in a heart chamber after filling, before systole

Rapid increase in SBP> 140mmHg—> cerebral arterioles cannot regulate blood flow to cerebral capillaries—> cerebral edema—> encephalopathy

LCA branches into?

Transport blood under high pressure from the heart to the capillary bed of tissues (high pressure/thick muscular walls)

Contraction of the Heart

Hypertension

Amount of blood that remains in the heart chamber after systole

Right Coronary Artery supplies blood to?

Diffusion of Sodium in the Cell

Leak of sodium into the cell, decreases the intracellular negativity. Opens voltage gated ion channel to generate more positive ion (Na and Ca) entry. Cell becomes more positive. Action potential is generated.

Pause in Conduction at AV Node

Potassium concentrations in cell

Measurement of Vascular Resistance

Early beats without p waves. Effects: decreased CO from loss of atrial contribution to ventricular preload resulting in heart fluttering, pounding, and palpitations. Associatied with abnormal potassium, hypercalcemia, hypoxia, aging, anesthesia, caffeine, tobacco, illicit drugs, exercise

Role of Lipoproteins

Collect blood from the capillaries and coalesce to form veins

Relaxation and Filling of the Heart

P rate > 300, no PR interval, QRS variable, irregular rhythm. Decreased filling time causing fatigue? dizziness, dyspnea, irregular pulse

How easy it is for blood to travel through arteries

95% of HTN caused my genetics and environment

Walk-Along Theory

Small branches of arteries that act as conduits between arteries and the capillary beds of tissues (muscular walls and sphincters)

Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries. Diminished blood supply.

Atherosclerotic disease of the arteries

Flow of blood to lungs: Flow of blood to body

Secondary causes of Dyslipidemia

Age, male and post-menopausal women, family history

Flow (Q) through a blood vessel determined by?

At rest cell has?

Dyslipidemia, HTN, Smoking, DMII, Insulin Resistance, Obesity, Diet, Lifestyle

Comparing Catecholamines