問題一覧
1
A patient with a history of depression starts an exercise regimen to improve cognitive function. Which mechanism is most likely contributing to the cognitive improvements observed in this patient?
Enhanced neurogenesis in the hippocampus
2
A patient recovering from brain trauma undergoes therapy aimed at improving memory. Which process is most likely to contribute to their recovery?
Neurogenesis
3
A 70-year-old patient exhibits memory improvement following an enriched environment intervention. What neuroplasticity mechanism is likely enhanced by this intervention?
Adult neurogenesis
4
A 30-year-old patient develops a hand dystonia after practicing piano for long hours. Which neuroplasticity-related disorder is most likely responsible for this condition?
Maladaptive neuroplasticity
5
A 55-year-old patient with Alzheimer's disease shows signs of reduced hippocampal function. Which process likely contributes to memory deficits in this patient?
Decreased neurogenesis
6
A patient with schizophrenia shows increased gray matter loss in the prefrontal cortex. Which developmental process might be pathologically enhanced in this patient?
Synaptic pruning
7
A patient with traumatic brain injury undergoes rehabilitation, and a therapy is introduced to enhance neurogenesis. Which factor most likely promotes this process?
Neurotrophic growth factors
8
A patient with prolonged stress shows cognitive decline. Which mechanism likely contributes to this impairment?
Inhibition of neurogenesis
9
A 50-year-old male with spinal cord injury shows limited nerve regeneration. What factor is likely inhibiting recovery?
Glial scarring
10
A patient with a history of chronic stress begins a treatment aimed at reversing the cognitive effects of stress. What is the most likely mechanism of action?
Increase in neurogenesis
11
A patient with a family history of schizophrenia is found to have a genetic variation that increases risk for the disorder. What type of genetic variation is most likely involved?
Copy number variation (CNV)
12
A 50-year-old male develops bipolar disorder, and genetic testing reveals an SNP associated with the condition. What does the presence of this SNP indicate about his risk?
Moderate risk but not a guarantee of disease
13
A mother’s diet during pregnancy affects gene expression in her offspring. Which epigenetic mechanism is most likely responsible for this effect?
DNA methylation
14
A patient with schizophrenia is found to have excessive synaptic pruning during adolescence. Which genetic factor might contribute to this excessive pruning?
C4 gene on chromosome 6
15
A 40-year-old male develops cancer, and his tumor is found to have abnormal gene expression without changes in DNA sequence. What mechanism likely explains this abnormal expression?
Epigenetic modifications
16
A patient with schizophrenia has abnormal levels of a protein involved in synaptic plasticity. Which gene might be responsible for this abnormality?
C4 gene
17
A researcher studying Alzheimer's disease focuses on the role of the APOE gene. What does this gene most likely influence?
Cholesterol metabolism and brain health
18
A patient with bipolar disorder is found to have structural variations in their genome. What type of variation is most likely present?
Copy number variation (CNV)
19
A patient with a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia undergoes testing for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). What do these tests aim to identify?
Small, one-letter DNA changes associated with risk
20
A patient with schizophrenia shows signs of synaptic dysfunction. Which gene, associated with immune function, is most likely implicated?
C4 gene
21
A patient with multiple sclerosis presents with progressive motor deficits due to inflammation in the central nervous system. Which immune cells are most likely contributing to this damage?
Microglia
22
A patient with chronic inflammation develops memory problems. Which inflammatory cytokine is most likely to contribute to these cognitive deficits?
TNF-alpha
23
A patient with Alzheimer’s disease shows signs of increased neuroinflammation. Which immune cells are primarily involved in this process?
Microglia
24
A patient experiences a stroke, and there is a rapid activation of immune cells in the brain. Which process is most likely responsible for the activation of these immune cells?
Ischemia
25
A 40-year-old patient with lupus presents with cognitive dysfunction. Which mechanism related to systemic inflammation is most likely affecting the brain?
Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier
26
A patient with chronic inflammation is found to have elevated levels of IL-6. What effect is this cytokine likely having on the central nervous system?
Inducing neuroinflammation
27
A 30-year-old male with schizophrenia shows increased inflammation in the brain. What role might inflammation play in the progression of his symptoms?
Disrupting neurotransmitter balance
28
A patient recovering from traumatic brain injury develops chronic inflammation. Which cytokine is most likely responsible for prolonging this inflammatory state?
IL-1 beta
29
A patient with chronic stress shows elevated inflammatory markers. What effect does chronic stress likely have on immune function?
Promotes immune hyperactivation
30
A 65-year-old male with Alzheimer's disease is being studied for neuroinflammation. Which marker would most likely indicate microglial activation in his brain?
TNF-alpha
31
A patient presents with difficulty understanding language following a stroke. Which area of the brain is most likely affected?
Wernicke’s area
32
A patient with a traumatic brain injury shows impaired decision-making and impulse control. Which region of the brain is most likely damaged?
Prefrontal cortex
33
A patient exhibits difficulties with balance and coordination after a stroke. Which brain structure is most likely affected?
Cerebellum
34
A 55-year-old male reports difficulties with visual processing following a stroke. Which part of the brain is likely damaged?
Occipital lobe
35
A patient has difficulty recognizing faces after brain injury. Which area of the brain is most likely affected?
Fusiform gyrus
36
A patient with epilepsy has seizures that originate from the temporal lobe. Which symptom is most likely related to this seizure activity?
Memory disturbances
37
A patient with damage to the right hemisphere experiences left-sided neglect. Which brain region is most likely involved in this condition?
Right parietal lobe
38
A patient with a tumor in the hippocampus exhibits memory loss. Which function is most likely impaired?
Long-term memory formation
39
A patient presents with difficulty in producing speech after a stroke. Which brain area is likely damaged?
Broca’s area
40
A 60-year-old patient with Parkinson’s disease has difficulty initiating movement. Which neurotransmitter deficiency is responsible for this symptom?
Dopamine
41
A patient with schizophrenia is prescribed an antipsychotic that blocks D2 dopamine receptors. Which symptom is most likely to improve with this treatment?
Hallucinations
42
A patient experiences sedation after taking a medication that blocks histamine receptors. Which neurotransmitter receptor is being blocked to cause this side effect?
H1 receptor
43
A patient with Parkinson’s disease is treated with a dopamine agonist. Which neurotransmitter system is being targeted to improve motor function?
Dopamine
44
A patient with depression is treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). What effect does this drug have on serotonin levels in the synapse?
Decreases serotonin reuptake
45
A 65-year-old male with Alzheimer’s disease is prescribed a cholinesterase inhibitor. What is the primary neurotransmitter affected by this drug?
Acetylcholine
46
A patient experiences muscle spasms due to excessive acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. Which drug class would most likely alleviate this symptom?
Acetylcholine antagonists
47
A patient with schizophrenia experiences weight gain after starting an antipsychotic medication. Which receptor is likely involved in this side effect?
5HT2C receptor
48
A patient with epilepsy is treated with a GABA agonist. What effect does this drug have on neuronal activity?
Decreases neuronal excitability
49
A patient experiences increased anxiety after taking a drug that inhibits serotonin release. Which receptor is most likely involved in this response?
5HT1A receptor
50
A patient with schizophrenia is treated with a dopamine antagonist. Which pathway is primarily targeted by this treatment?
Mesolimbic pathway
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54問 • 2年前問題一覧
1
A patient with a history of depression starts an exercise regimen to improve cognitive function. Which mechanism is most likely contributing to the cognitive improvements observed in this patient?
Enhanced neurogenesis in the hippocampus
2
A patient recovering from brain trauma undergoes therapy aimed at improving memory. Which process is most likely to contribute to their recovery?
Neurogenesis
3
A 70-year-old patient exhibits memory improvement following an enriched environment intervention. What neuroplasticity mechanism is likely enhanced by this intervention?
Adult neurogenesis
4
A 30-year-old patient develops a hand dystonia after practicing piano for long hours. Which neuroplasticity-related disorder is most likely responsible for this condition?
Maladaptive neuroplasticity
5
A 55-year-old patient with Alzheimer's disease shows signs of reduced hippocampal function. Which process likely contributes to memory deficits in this patient?
Decreased neurogenesis
6
A patient with schizophrenia shows increased gray matter loss in the prefrontal cortex. Which developmental process might be pathologically enhanced in this patient?
Synaptic pruning
7
A patient with traumatic brain injury undergoes rehabilitation, and a therapy is introduced to enhance neurogenesis. Which factor most likely promotes this process?
Neurotrophic growth factors
8
A patient with prolonged stress shows cognitive decline. Which mechanism likely contributes to this impairment?
Inhibition of neurogenesis
9
A 50-year-old male with spinal cord injury shows limited nerve regeneration. What factor is likely inhibiting recovery?
Glial scarring
10
A patient with a history of chronic stress begins a treatment aimed at reversing the cognitive effects of stress. What is the most likely mechanism of action?
Increase in neurogenesis
11
A patient with a family history of schizophrenia is found to have a genetic variation that increases risk for the disorder. What type of genetic variation is most likely involved?
Copy number variation (CNV)
12
A 50-year-old male develops bipolar disorder, and genetic testing reveals an SNP associated with the condition. What does the presence of this SNP indicate about his risk?
Moderate risk but not a guarantee of disease
13
A mother’s diet during pregnancy affects gene expression in her offspring. Which epigenetic mechanism is most likely responsible for this effect?
DNA methylation
14
A patient with schizophrenia is found to have excessive synaptic pruning during adolescence. Which genetic factor might contribute to this excessive pruning?
C4 gene on chromosome 6
15
A 40-year-old male develops cancer, and his tumor is found to have abnormal gene expression without changes in DNA sequence. What mechanism likely explains this abnormal expression?
Epigenetic modifications
16
A patient with schizophrenia has abnormal levels of a protein involved in synaptic plasticity. Which gene might be responsible for this abnormality?
C4 gene
17
A researcher studying Alzheimer's disease focuses on the role of the APOE gene. What does this gene most likely influence?
Cholesterol metabolism and brain health
18
A patient with bipolar disorder is found to have structural variations in their genome. What type of variation is most likely present?
Copy number variation (CNV)
19
A patient with a genetic predisposition for schizophrenia undergoes testing for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). What do these tests aim to identify?
Small, one-letter DNA changes associated with risk
20
A patient with schizophrenia shows signs of synaptic dysfunction. Which gene, associated with immune function, is most likely implicated?
C4 gene
21
A patient with multiple sclerosis presents with progressive motor deficits due to inflammation in the central nervous system. Which immune cells are most likely contributing to this damage?
Microglia
22
A patient with chronic inflammation develops memory problems. Which inflammatory cytokine is most likely to contribute to these cognitive deficits?
TNF-alpha
23
A patient with Alzheimer’s disease shows signs of increased neuroinflammation. Which immune cells are primarily involved in this process?
Microglia
24
A patient experiences a stroke, and there is a rapid activation of immune cells in the brain. Which process is most likely responsible for the activation of these immune cells?
Ischemia
25
A 40-year-old patient with lupus presents with cognitive dysfunction. Which mechanism related to systemic inflammation is most likely affecting the brain?
Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier
26
A patient with chronic inflammation is found to have elevated levels of IL-6. What effect is this cytokine likely having on the central nervous system?
Inducing neuroinflammation
27
A 30-year-old male with schizophrenia shows increased inflammation in the brain. What role might inflammation play in the progression of his symptoms?
Disrupting neurotransmitter balance
28
A patient recovering from traumatic brain injury develops chronic inflammation. Which cytokine is most likely responsible for prolonging this inflammatory state?
IL-1 beta
29
A patient with chronic stress shows elevated inflammatory markers. What effect does chronic stress likely have on immune function?
Promotes immune hyperactivation
30
A 65-year-old male with Alzheimer's disease is being studied for neuroinflammation. Which marker would most likely indicate microglial activation in his brain?
TNF-alpha
31
A patient presents with difficulty understanding language following a stroke. Which area of the brain is most likely affected?
Wernicke’s area
32
A patient with a traumatic brain injury shows impaired decision-making and impulse control. Which region of the brain is most likely damaged?
Prefrontal cortex
33
A patient exhibits difficulties with balance and coordination after a stroke. Which brain structure is most likely affected?
Cerebellum
34
A 55-year-old male reports difficulties with visual processing following a stroke. Which part of the brain is likely damaged?
Occipital lobe
35
A patient has difficulty recognizing faces after brain injury. Which area of the brain is most likely affected?
Fusiform gyrus
36
A patient with epilepsy has seizures that originate from the temporal lobe. Which symptom is most likely related to this seizure activity?
Memory disturbances
37
A patient with damage to the right hemisphere experiences left-sided neglect. Which brain region is most likely involved in this condition?
Right parietal lobe
38
A patient with a tumor in the hippocampus exhibits memory loss. Which function is most likely impaired?
Long-term memory formation
39
A patient presents with difficulty in producing speech after a stroke. Which brain area is likely damaged?
Broca’s area
40
A 60-year-old patient with Parkinson’s disease has difficulty initiating movement. Which neurotransmitter deficiency is responsible for this symptom?
Dopamine
41
A patient with schizophrenia is prescribed an antipsychotic that blocks D2 dopamine receptors. Which symptom is most likely to improve with this treatment?
Hallucinations
42
A patient experiences sedation after taking a medication that blocks histamine receptors. Which neurotransmitter receptor is being blocked to cause this side effect?
H1 receptor
43
A patient with Parkinson’s disease is treated with a dopamine agonist. Which neurotransmitter system is being targeted to improve motor function?
Dopamine
44
A patient with depression is treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). What effect does this drug have on serotonin levels in the synapse?
Decreases serotonin reuptake
45
A 65-year-old male with Alzheimer’s disease is prescribed a cholinesterase inhibitor. What is the primary neurotransmitter affected by this drug?
Acetylcholine
46
A patient experiences muscle spasms due to excessive acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. Which drug class would most likely alleviate this symptom?
Acetylcholine antagonists
47
A patient with schizophrenia experiences weight gain after starting an antipsychotic medication. Which receptor is likely involved in this side effect?
5HT2C receptor
48
A patient with epilepsy is treated with a GABA agonist. What effect does this drug have on neuronal activity?
Decreases neuronal excitability
49
A patient experiences increased anxiety after taking a drug that inhibits serotonin release. Which receptor is most likely involved in this response?
5HT1A receptor
50
A patient with schizophrenia is treated with a dopamine antagonist. Which pathway is primarily targeted by this treatment?
Mesolimbic pathway