Psychopharm Reward and Pleasure

32問 • 10ヶ月前

問題一覧

What brain regoin has a critical role is goal-directed behavior?

Orbitofrontal cortex

Predisposition towards rapid, unplanned reactions to stimuli with diminished regard for the negative consequences; inability to stop initiating actions

Impulsivity

Performance of repetitive and dysfunctionally impairing behavior that has no adaptive function; inability to terminate ongoing actions

Compulsivity

Type of compulsion, responses triggered by environmental stimuli regardless of the current desirability of the consequences of that response

Tourette's

This habit circuit can be modulated "top-down" from the OFC, but if this top-down response inhibition system is inadequate or is overcome by activity from the bottom-up dorsal striatum, compulsive behaviors may result.

Circuitry of compulsivity

This circuit is usually modulated "top-down" from the prefrontal cortex (PFC). If this top-down response inhibition system is inadequate or is overcome by activity from the bottom-up ventral striatum, impulsive behaviors may result.

Circuitry of impulsivity

In the mesolimbic dopamine system, what two brain regions are involved with reward with dopmaine as its key neurotransmitter?

VTA and nucleus acumbens

What mechanism causes the "high" feeling?

Occupancy of the DAT

Evaluates pleasures – process of acquiring and retaining emotional experiences

Amygdala

Associating emotional memories with specific events

Classical conditioning

Wanting, activating, energy needed to pursue a goal. This neurotransmitter is not the goal itself; wanting is not the same as enjoying

Enjoying, major currency of pleasure

Opioids

Reduces subjective sexual pleasure

Naloxone

Decreases euphoria associated with drinking or opiate use

Naltrexone

“hot spot” of the brain essential for hedonic pleasure

Ventral Pallidum

Adaptation to pleasurable experiences

Habituation

What drug is not prone to habituation?

Cocaine

What drugs directly impact the mesolimbic pathway?

Stimulants and nicotine

What drugs indirectly impact the mesolimbic pathway?

Opioids, alcohol, and PCP

-Block DA reuptake pump and increase DA release -More DA being available stimulates NAc

Stimulants

What is the mechanism of tolerance

Downregulation of D2 receptors

Persistent thoughts about substances and intense desire to use or obtain more

Cravings

Source of cravings, specifically orbitofrontal cortex and dorsolateral regions, and activity here correlates with subjective intensity of self-reported cravings.

PFC

What neuro mechanism prevents relapse?

Inactivation of PFC and glutamate receptor blockade in NAc

What neuro mechanism happens during replase?

Increased glutamate is released in NAc

During synaptic remodeling, what drugs increase the number of spines?

Amphetamine and cocaine

During synaptic remodeling, what drugs decrease the number of spines?

Morphine

Activated by increased DA concentrations, promotes protein production that dampens reward circuitry -> tolerance. Ceases within days of stopping drug use, yet vulnerability to relapse persists.

CREB

Accumulates in cells of NAc, remains active in cells for weeks-months after drug use has stopped

FosB

What drug can help prevent relapse?

CRF antagonist

Enhances “approach behavior”

NAc

Enhances “harm-avoidance behavior”

Amygdala

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