Patho Immunology

通報

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Assist activation of CD8, NK, and B-cells

Helper T-Cells (CD4)

Help prevent autoimmune response

Regulator T-Cells (CD4)

Binds to antigens surface and destroys infected cell

Cytotoxic T-Cells (CD8)

Occurs in bone marrow, have antigen binding sites, produces daughter cells that produce plasma cells (Ab factories), and secrete IgM specific to the antigen.

B-Cell

IgM 7 days after exposure, IgG represents 75% of Abs, levels will gradually decrease.

Primary B-Cell Response

Subsequent exposure leads to IgG produced quickly in large amounts, levels remain elevated.

Secondary B-Cell Response

Best complement activating antibody.

IgM

Best Opsonin Antibody

IgG

Antibodies Protect Through…

Neutralization, Agglutination, Precipiation, Opsonization

antibodies block antigen receptors

Direct Effects

Antibodies responsible for activating innate immunity, complement, phagocytes

Indirect Effects

Produced after antigen exposure, requires host immune system response, long term memory.

Acquired Immunity

Antibodies transferred from donor to recipient, no host immune response required, temporary protection.

Passive Immunity

Has a role in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and graft rejection after transplant.

MHC

Most common secretory antibody

IgA

Lacrimal, Salivary, Bronchial, Breast, GI, GU glands/tissue

Secretory Immune Response

Small amounts of antibodies move through placenta during…

1st trimester

when fetal antibodies = maternal antibodies

37-40 weeks

Leukocytes less lethal and effective, T and B cell production takes 6-8 months.

Immature Immune System at Birth

Antibodies in breast milk

IgA, IgG, IgM

Link between chronic illness and chronic inflammation.

Inflammaging

IgE mediated involves allergies

Type I

Tissue specific, hemolytic reactions (drugs, hemolytic disease of newborn)

Type II

Immune complex, gluten allergies, SLE

Type III

Cell Mediated, transplant rejection

Type IV

Histamine acts on this receptor to stop degranulation

Two Types of Histamine Receptors

H1 (lungs) and H2 (GI)

Individuals have more IgE and mast cell receptors for IgE

Atopic

multiple exposures needed to build up antibodies to cause hypersensitivity

Sensitization

Small amounts of antigen over long time period leads to build up of IgG to help suppress IgE

Desensitization

Lab test ANA, typically deposited in kidneys, vessels, connective tissue, heart, brain.

SLE

Activates CD4, CD8 and T-lymphocytes

MHC

Recipient + donor dendritic cells trigger cytokines that activate macrophages and CD8

Acute Rejection

Ongoing inflammation, damage to endothelial cells of transplant. Antibodies against HLA activate complement and cytotoxins.

Chronic Rejection

Patho Renal

Patho Renal

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology

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GI 2

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