Psychopathology

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-Regulates attention, motivation, concentration, memory, and cognition -Affects mood only

Dopamine

-Regulates altertness, vigilance, learning, sleepiness, fight or flight -Affexts both mood and anxiety

Norepinephrine

-Regulates impulsive behavior, obsessive thinking, compulsiveness, eating, sexual function -Affects both mood and anxiety

Serotonin

Deficits in monoamines (norepinephrine and serotonin) in CSF is underlying cause of depression-> reduction in dopamine (fatigue, low energy, motivation)

Monoamine hypothesis of depression

Chronic stress activates HPA, increases cortisol, and activates immune system -> decrease in monoamine levels

Neuroendocrine

Large variation of genetics and uncontrollable psychological stress

Genetic factors

Serotonin binding sites decreased, and Norepinephrine receptor alterations -> smaller amygdala -> recurrent depression. Hippocampus smaller (from chronic stress?) -> decrease in prefrontal cortex and cerebral blood flow -> decreased glucose metabolism.

Neuroanatomical

Low mood only and thoughts of self harm

Depression

Serotonin and Norepinephrine depletion

Depression

Liked to chromosome 18 & 22

Bipolar

Increased monoamines + increased glutamate (excitatory neurotransmitter) = overstimulation of pathways with excessive excitation -> anxiety and panic attacks

Neurochemical changes in mania

At least one manic episode is followed by hypomania or major depression

Type I Bipolar

One major depressive episode for 2+ weeks and at least 1 hypomanic episode for at least 4 days

Type II Bipolar

Increased activity in limbic and frontal cortical areas causing avoidance of all social interactions caused by decreased serotonin and GABA in amygdala

Social anxiety disorder

(+) family Hx with fear and worry about big life events and social status caused by abnormal Norepinephrine and serotonin in amygdala (particularly on the R side)

General anxiety disorder

Exposure to a threat, injury, or sexual violence causing re-experience, avoidance, negative cognition, mood, and arousal caused by stress alterations in neural structures (amygdala and prefrontal cortex) and neurotransmitters-> affects how memories are stored, retrieved, and extinguished

PTSD

Etiology- -Genetics- 70+ genes with high correlated to early exposure -Psychosocial- Usually co-occurring with ADHD, anxiety, depression, and Bipolar -Biological- different people process substances differently -Socio-cultural- peer pressure -Environment- stress and parental drug use

Substance abuse disorder

-Reward center of the brain -Associated with binge/intoxication (high)

Basal ganglia

-Causes physical dependence -Association with withdrawal/ negative effects

Amygdala

-Involved in conditioning -Association with pre-occupation/anticipation-> cravings

Prefrontal cortex

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