communication between neurons

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local changes in the membrane potential

graded potential

two sorts of graded potential

depolarizing and hyperpolarizing

are often the results of Na or Ca entering the cell. both of this ions have higher concentration outside the cell than inside.

depolarizing graded potential

cause k leaving the cells or Cl entering the cell. making the cell more negative

hyperpolarizing graded potential

graded potential develop in the dendrites that influence the generation of an action potential in the axon of the same cell

generator potential

graded potential in their membrane results in the release of neurotransmitters at synapses with sensory Neurons

receptor potential

is the graded potential in the dendrites of a neuron that is reciewing synapse from other cells

postsynaptic potential (PSP)

depolarization in the postsynaptic potential, because it causes the membrane potential to move towards threshold

EPSP

hyperpolarization in a postsynaptic potential, because it causes the membrane potential to move away from threshold

IPSP

is related to associating the activity of multiple input to a Neuron with each other

spatial summation

is the relationship of multiple action potential from a single cell resulting in a significant change in the membrane potential

temporal summation

2 types of connection between electrically active cells

chemical and electrical synapse

a chemical signals namely, a neurotransmitter - is released from one cell and it affects the other cell

chemical synapse

there is a direct connection between the two cells so that ion can pass directly from one cell to the next

electrical synapse

example of a chemical synapse is

neuromuscular junction (nmj)

2types of receptors in cholinergic system

nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

what are the 3 group of amino acids

glutamate gaba glycine

one of the 20 amino acids that are used to make proteins

glutamate

system of glutamate, gaba and glycine

glatamatergic, gabaergic, glycinergic

amino acid neurotransmitters are eliminated from the synapse by

reuptake

serotonin is transported back into the presynaptic cell for

repacking

epi= -nephrine=

on kidney

epinephrine is also known as

adrenaline

norepinephrine also known as

noradrenaline

produces epinephrine and norepinephrine to be released into the bloodstream as hormones

adrenal gland

where do norepinephrine and epinephrine bind receptor

alpha and beta receptors

a neurotransmitter molecules made up of chain of amino acids connected to peptides bonds

neuropeptide

Short neuropeptide , which is 5 Amino acids long

met-enkenphalin

long neuropeptide which is 31 amino acids long

beta - endorphin

is a guanosine triphosphate hydrolase that physically moves from the receptor protein to the effector protein to activate the latter

g protein

is an enzyme that catalyzes the generation of a new molecules which acts as the intracellular mediator of the signal that binds to the receptor. this intracellular mediator is called the.

effector protein second messenger

2 common type of second messenger

cAMP and IP3

example of IP3

Phospholipase C

example of cAMP

enzyme adenylate cylase

neurotransmitter of cholinergic system

acetylcholine

neurotransmitter of amino acid

glutamate gaba and glysine

neurotransmitter of biogenic amines

serotonin dopamine norepinephrine and epinephrine

neurotransmitter of neuropeptides

met-enkephalin beta-endorphin vip and substance p

receptors in cholinergic

nicotinic and muscarinic receptor

receptor of amino acid

glu receptor gly receptor gaba receptors

receptor of biogenic amines

serotonin receptor dopamine receptor alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic receptor

elimination of cholinergic

degradation by acetylcholinesterase

elimination of amino acid

reuptake by neurons or glia

elimination of biogenic amines

reuptake by neurons

elimination of neuropeptides

degradation by enzyme called peptidases

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