GLOBAL EVOLUTION/HISTORY OF NURSING

93問 • 2年前

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- instinctive or untaught; largely based on common sense based on effects of past experience, not based on scientific training or formal education

Intuitive

- evil invasion; voodoo or black magic

Illness

Women as custodian or nurse in nomadic tribes

Intuitive Nursing

- ( witch doctor/medicine man) – white magic ( healing power ) - Hypnosis, charms, dances, incantations, purgatives, massage, fire, water, herbs, and other vegetations and even animals to drive away illness

Shaman

– hole drilled in the skull via rock or stone without anesthesia

Trephination

o Roots of Western civilization o Birthplace of Judaism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism

Nursing in the near east

 Metropolis of the near East  _______ – ruler from 1945 B.C. to 1902 B.C.

Babylonia, King Hammurabi

Embalming Record of 250 diseases Still no mention of nursing

Egypt

NURSING IN THE FAR EAST

China, India

 Belief in spirits and demons  Prohibited dissection of human body  Materia Medica ( Pharmacology )  Prescribed methods of treating wounds, infections, and muscular afflictions  No mention of nursing but presumed female as in-charge of b. INDIA nursing the sick

China

 Menofmedicinebuilthospitals  Practiced intuitive form of Asepsis  Proficient in the practice of medicine and surgery  The mention of nurses were in reference to the first lay brothers or the priest nurses, who, by virtue of their vocation, voluntarily took charge of taking care of the sick. - SUSHURUTU/SUSRUTA- his writings (written 200 or 300 B.C.) is a list of functions and qualifications of the

India

- his writings (written 200 or 300 B.C.) is a list of functions and qualifications of the

Susruta

- contributed to the decline of medical practice when the religion itself fell in this era.

Buddhism

 Nursing was the task of untrained slave  Women were considered inferior to men & were made to stay at the background to do house chores and care for the sick.

Greece

AESCULAPIUS- Father of Medicine in Greek mythology

Aesculapius

- Could be traced in Greek mythology but developed into an official insignia ( sign; symbol of identity of the medical profession today ) - Composed of the staff of travelers intertwined with 2 serpents (symbol of Aesculapius and his healing power); and wings of Hermes or Mercury located at the apex of the staff (symbol of speed; speed of healing ).

Caduceus

- Born in Greece in 460 BC - Given the title Father of Medicine due to his notable contributions to medical practice ( in reality, not in mythology ). - Developed a philosophy of medicine and practice medical ethics - Rejected the belief that the origin of disease could be found in the supernatural - Did not entrust care of the sick to untrained lay persons but to medical students; so role of nurses wasn’t also mentioned

Hippocrates

 Illness was considered a sign of weakness  Care of the sick was left to the slaves and Greek physicians, both of them being considered inferior by the Roman society  Some were however converted to Christianity and left their pleasure-seeking life; some of them took good care of the sick(i.e., Story of FABIOLA)

Rome

 Nursing care performed by people who were directed by more experienced nurses; the beginning of organized nursing  On-the-job training performed without any formal education: attributed to the religious orders of the Christian church.  Built hospitals were staffed by religious orders who dedicated their lives to the care of the patients  Organized nursing was found in the military, secular and mendicant or begging orders

Apprentice Nursing

 were considered as “Holy Wars “ during which the Christian soldiers fought to re-capture the Holy Land from the Moslems; military religious orders were founded in order to establish hospitals staffed with men who served as nurses for those who were wounded in the war.

Crusades

(Rhodes, Malta) & Teutonic Knights- fought in the battlefield and after every fight would retire to nurse the wounded.

KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM

- established their hospitals primarily for nursing of the lepers

KNIGHTS OF SAINT LAZARUS

 Founded in 1348  Established the Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing in Chicago which was the largest school of nursing under religious auspices operated exclusively for men in the U.S.  Closed in 1969

ALEXIAN BROTHERS

 Founded by queens, princesses, and other royal ladies  some orders found before the Reformation a. Augustinians b. Poor Clares c. Beguines d. Benedictines e. Ursulines f. _____ ( lay people who were affiliates of the religious ) of St. Francis and of St. Dominic

RELIGIOUS NURSING ORDERS, Tertiaries

( in Paris )  Where the Augustinian nurses nursed the patients  Hospitals then were poorly ventilated, mattresses were hard and cleaned only 3x a year, beds were shared by 2 or 3 patients, laundry was done by nurses, linens were sometimes washed in the nearby river

HOTEL DIEU

- founder of the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisi - took care of the sick particularly the lepers in the convent of San Damiano

ST. CLARE ( 1194 – 1253 )

- the first to be called the “Lady with a Lamp” - nursed patients in the hospital of Santa Maria de la Scala and in their homes

ST. CATHERINE OF SIENNA ( 1347- 1380)

- _________ struck Sienna - Catherine still took care of the victims

BUBONIC PLAGUE

 Organized the works of charity so as they could have directions  Organized a group of women and then named them _______  Founder of “The Community of the Sisters of Charity” who were dedicated to serving God in caring for the sick, the poor, the orphaned, and the widowed

VINCENT DE PAUL, LA CHARITE

( nee de MARILLAC )  Co-foundress and the first superior

LOUISE DE GRAS

THE REFORMATION  ________ -Head of the Reformation Movement ; initiated some significant changes in the church and society to counteract some abuses.  An era that gave rise to some violent conflicts  Contributed to the rise of Protestantism; later, all Christians, Protestants and Catholics alike and other Christian denominations served as volunteers for the care of the sick.

THE REFORMATION, Martin Luther

 A movement that encouraged a virtuous Christian life but discouraged violent conflicts; upheld some of the changes initiated by Martin Luther  Focused on peaceful means of change through prayers and witnessing to a life of sacrifice  Virtuous men and women gave examples of a life of dedicated service to society, including service to the sick; prominent among these were St. Ignatius of Loyola, St. Francis of Assisi, St. Claire of Assisi, St. Catherine of Sienna, etc.

THE COUNTER-REFORMATION

- Rebirth - Rise of progress in arts and culture but NOT in moral and religious values - Society was filled with thieves due to social deprivations - Care of the sick was entrusted to those who were proven guilty of a crime of theft. - Care takers were not given humane facilities like food and quarters, so all the more they got buried into evil deeds like stealing the patients’ foods, accepting bribes, etc. All the above contributed to why the 17th and 19th centuries were considered to be the DARK AGE of society ( hence, concurrently, the dark period of Nursing)

RENAISSANCE (rebirth)

Writer who depicted the inhuman situation of the care takers in 1 of his novels entitled MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT, in which 2 characters SAIREY (Sarah) GAMP and BETZY PRAEG ( PRIG, PROG) portrayed the roles of such thieves who were given the task of taking care of the sick as a form of punishment

CHARLES DICKENS

- Bethlehem hospital in London

BEDLAM

- (at Kaiserswerth, Germany ) - 1st organized training school for nurses - established by _______ and his wife _______. Munster Fliedner in Germany in 1836 and started with only _ students. - Noted for 2 firsts: a. rotating a 3 year experience in cooking and housekeeping, laundry and linen and nursing care in the women’s and men’s wards b. preliminary or probationary 3 month period of trial and error for both school and studen

DEACONESS SCHOOL OF NURSING, Pastors Theodore Fliedner and Fredericke, 6

- First laywoman who worked as a nurse on the North American continent - Founder of the Hotel Dieu of Montreal in _______

Jeanne Mance, October 1644

 American who founded the Sisters of Charity of Emmetsburg in Maryland in 1809.

Mrs . ELIZABETH SETON

The nurse society of Philadelphia organized a school of nursing under the direction of ______________.

Dr. Joseph Warrington, 1839

Nurses were trained on the job and attended some courses with the medical students at the ___________.

Philadelphia Dispensary

- Not a nurse but appointed Superintendent of Female Volunteer nurses to take care of the wounded for US government

DOROTHEA LYNDE DIX,

- author

LOUISA MAY ALCOTT

-poet

WALT WHITMAN

– founder of the American Red Cross

CLARA BARTON

– humanitarian

MARY ANN BICKERDYKE

 Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy  _________ – cornerstone of nursing in England was laid - ___ probationers entered St. Thomas Hospital in London to establish the Nightingale system of nursing which enabled young women from upper class English society to enter the profession of Nursing

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, June 15, 1860, 15

- believed to be the origin of the nurses’ pin - Designed by _________ ( husband of Queen Victoria of England )

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE’s BROOCH, Prince Albert

 First graduate nurse in the US dated September 1, 1873  At 32, she completed a 1- yr course in Nursing at the New England Hospital for Women and Children at Boston , Massachusetts ( 1872- 1873)

LINDARICHARDS

A _____ symbolized the saying that “what people wear on their heads can set them apart”

Cap

 Isabel Hampton Robb – 1st principal  Caroline Hampton- appointed OR supervisor, had dermatitis  Dr. William Halstead – ordered some rubber gloves from the Good year Rubber Company to solve the problem; believed to be the beginning of operating room gloves seen nowadays.

John Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing (1889)

______ – groundwork for the establishment of 2 nursing organizations laid at the Chicago’s World Fair

1893

________ ( East Orange New Jersey ) – served as a nurse for patients with malaria and yellow fever

Clara Louise Maas

1900 – 1912 – development of other nursing services aside from hospital service, private duty, public health, school, government, material, etc.

20th Century

College and postgraduate nursing education program

Age of Specialization

Standard curriculum and textbooks

Set Standards (1913 – 1937)

Nurses were assisted by the National Red Cross under the

World War I

October 29, 1929 (Black Friday) Financial Crisis – increased number of unemployed nurses Military nurses

The Great Depression,

CONTEMPORARY NURSING

UN, WHO Scientific & Technical Research Atomic Energy Computers Diagnostic and Therapeutic Agents Space Medicine

The early life of the Filipinos had been mixed with superstitious beliefs. Some of these beliefs continue persisting in some rural areas of the country. These beliefs affect the health and sickness of the people. Sometimes this makes the work of health workers difficult for they do not combat only disease and unsanitary condition but they must also overcome superstitious beliefs which may sometimes be dangerous to clients. Though the traditional approaches have been approved and recognized as healing and scientific, some clients should still be guided against certain hazardous practices and beliefs.

ANCIENT AND EARLY CARE OF THE SICK IN THE PHILIPPINES

This was established in the city of Manila to care for the king’s soldiers. This was a general hospital administered by the Spanish government.

THE HOSPITAL REAL DE MANILA (1577)

Fray Juan Clemente established this clinic for the service of leprous patients, hence, named after San Lazaro, a patron saint of lepers. This was administered by the hospitallers of San Juan De Dios.

SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL (1578)

Established in Laguna, near Pansol, by fray J.Bautista of the Franciscan order near a medical spring which was believed to cure several patients.

HOSPITAL DE AGUAS SANTAS (1590)

Founded by the brotherhood of Misericordia and was administered by the hospitallers of San Juan De Dios from alms and rent.

SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL (1596)

Established in the little island on the Pasig river where the Hospicio de San Jose stands.

HOSPITAL DE CONVALENSENCIA (1656)

A military hospital established in Zamboanga.

HOSPITAL DE ZAMBOANGA(1742)

A general hospital supported by alms and donations

HOSPITAL DE CAVITE (1842)

Established for Chinese patients

HOSPITAL DE SAN GABRIEL (1866)

- attended and dressed the wounded soldiers with care, cheer with soldiers. Escaped to Hongkong and died in 1902.

Mrs. Josephine Bracken

- nurses the wounded soldiers without training

Rosa Sevilla de Alvaro

- established a traveling clinic, President of the Filipino Red Cross in Batangas.

Doña Hilaria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo

- nursed the wounded soldiers

Tandang Sora

Board of Health was organized on_____.

July 1901

Administered under the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America, started school in April, 1906. and has the distinction of graduating the first trained nurses in 1909. First board exam was given in Iloilo.

THE ILOILO MISSION HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1906)

The missionary nurses, Ms. Hick’s and Deaconess Charlotte Massy, started the school in 1907.

SAINT LUKE’S HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1907)

Mrs. Mary Colemen Masters and Mrs. Sofia Reyes de Veyra were among the pioneer American teachers who saw the need of trained nurses in our country. Both worked for the opening of the school.

PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1907)

- the third American chief nurse of the PGH was interested in the training of Filipino girls to enter the new profession of nursing.

Ms. Elsie McCloskey

was appointed by Senate President Quezon. She was the first Filipino to occupy the position of chief nurse and superintendent in the Philippines.

Ms. Anastacia Giron Tupas

- first nurse graduate

Ms. Apolona Salvador Ladao

Established by Dr. Rebecca Parish and started its collegiate program beginning from the school year 1953 to 1954

THE MARY JOHNSTON HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1907)

This school was opened on June 01, 1913 under the auspices of the Sisters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul.

THE SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1913)

Established by Mrs. Tancheco in 1891. The school of nursing was opened in 1921.

THE CHINESE GENERAL HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1921)

It was a military hospital but later it was placed under the Bureau of Health to take care of civilians.

BAGUIO HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1923)

Ms. Fannie Hiday was the first superintendent of nurses.

MANILA SANITARIUM AND HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1930)

Established in Lucena City with 150 beds, organized by Dr. Francisco Vicuña

THE QUEZON MEMORIAL HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING ( 1957 )

– ILOILO

SAINT PAUL SCHOOL OF NURSING (1946)

The first school of midwifery was established by _________ , who was appointed as the first secretary of health. It was opened at the Sampaloc General Hospital with only 10 students accepted.

Dr. Jose Fabella in 1922

_______ started as a 6- month course. This was later increased to one year. The major functions of the midwives pertain to maternal and child care. In the early years, student midwives were supported by the government.

Midwifery

In 1974, _________ was appointed chairman of the board for midwifery. He is considered as the father of modern midwifery and the first director of Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Medical Center.

Dr. Ricardo B. Gonzales

The North General Hospital of Nursing was opened in ____ and offered a rich field for clinical teaching for student nurses

1946

Siliman University School of Nursing was opened on _______

January 1947

Negros Occidental Provincial Hospital opened its school of Nursing on ______

May 1948

Velez (Cebu) Clinic was established on _____ with careful admission screening.

November 19, 1951

CONTEMPORARY NURSING

1. Challenging area 2. Nursing as a profession 3. The Board of Nursing

Latin Abbreviations

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 43問 · 2年前

Latin Abbreviations