Lecture 4 and Microflora

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 43問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

– process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities

Nutrition

– must be provided to an organism

Essential nutrients

– required in large quantities; play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism

Macronutrients

– required in small amounts; involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure

Micronutrients

– contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the products of living things

Organic nutrients

– atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen

Inorganic nutrients

Chemical Analysis of Cell Contents • __% water • Proteins • __% of cell is composed of _ elements:

70, 96, 6

– must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

Heterotroph

– an organism that uses CO2, an inorganic gas as its carbon source

Autotroph

– gain energy from chemical compounds

Chemotroph

– gain energy through photosynthesis

Phototrophs

: free-living microorganisms that feed on organic detritus from dead organisms

Saprobes

: derive nutrients from host

Parasites

– does not require energy; substances exist in a gradient and move from areas of higher concentration toward areas of lower concentration

Passive transport

– requires energy and carrier proteins; gradient independent

Active transport

: bringing substances into the cell through a vesicle or phagosome

Endocytosis

: totality of adaptations organisms make to their habitat

Niche

– lowest temperature that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism

Minimum temperature

– highest temperature that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism

Maximum temperature

– promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism

Optimum temperature

– optimum temperature below 15oC; capable of growth at 0oC

Psychrophiles

– optimum temperature 20o-40oC; most human pathogens

Mesophiles

– optimum temperature greater than 45oC

Thermophiles

– grows best at higher CO2 tensions than normally present in the atmosphere

Capnophile

Majority of microorganisms grow at a pH between 6 and 8 (neutrophiles)

Effects of PH

– grow at extreme acid pH

Acidophiles

– grow at extreme alkaline pH

Alkalinophiles

• Most microbes exist under hypotonic or isotonic conditions

Osmotic Pressure

– can survive under extreme pressure and will rupture if exposed to normal atmospheric pressure

Barophiles

– two organisms live together in a close partnership

Symbiotic

– obligatory, dependent; both members benefit

Mutualism

– commensal member benefits, other member neither harmed nor benefited

Commensalism

– parasite is dependent and benefits; host is harmed

Parasitism

– organisms are free-living; relationships not required for survival

Non-symbiotic

– members cooperate to produce a result that none of them could do alone

Synergism

– actions of one organism affect the success or survival of others in the same community (competition) • Antibiosis

Antagonism

_____ result when organisms attach to a substrate by some form of extracellular matrix that binds them together in complex organized layers

Biofilms

Communicate and cooperate in the formation and function of biofilms

quorum sensing

________ occurs at two levels: growth at a cellular level with increase in size, and increase in population

Microbial growth

Time required for a complete fission cycle is called the ________

generation

– “flat” period of adjustment, enlargement; little growth

Lag phase

In laboratory studies, populations typically display a predictable pattern over time

growth curve

– a period of maximum growth will continue as long as cells have adequate nutrients and a favorable environment

Exponential growth phase

– rate of cell growth equals rate of cell death caused by depleted nutrients and O2, excretion of organic acids and pollutants

Stationary phase

– as limiting factors intensify, cells die exponentially

Death phase

– a condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter sterile tissues, and multiply.

Infection

– infectious agent

Pathogen

– an infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs

Infectious disease

• Most areas of the body in contact with the outside environment harbor resident microbes e.g: ear, eyes, GIT

Resident Flora

– microbes that occupy the body for only short periods

Transients

– microbes that become established

Residents

Bacterial flora benefit host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes

microbial antagonism

– occur when normal flora is introduced to a site that was previously sterile

Endogenous infections

• Skin is the largest and most accessible organ • Norma flora lives in/or on dead cell layers, follicles and glands

Flora of the Human Skin

• GI tract is a long hollow tube, bounded by mucous membranes – Tube is exposed to the environment • Variations in flora distribution are due to shifting conditions (pH, oxygen tension, anatomy) • Oral cavity, large intestine, and rectum harbor appreciable flora • The esophagus contains extremely light flora • Stomach acid inhibits most microbes- Lactobacilli and Helicobacter

Flora of the Gastrointestinal Tract

• Harbors the most abundant, diverse and unique flora of the body • Numerous adaptive niches Cheek epithelium, gingiva, tongue, Mouth floor and tooth enamel • Saliva is sterile until it enters the oral cavity. • Bacterial count of saliva (5 x 109 cells per milliliter). Human bite is dangerous!

Flora of the Mouth

• Has complex and profound interactions with host • The cecum and colon harbors 108-1011 microbes per gram of feces (very abundant!- 30% of fecal volume) • Intestinal environment favors anaerobic bacteria(Bacteriodes, Bifidobacterium, Fusobacterium and Clostridium, E. coli) • Ferments waste materials, generates vitamins- B12, K, Pyridoxine, riboflavin and thiamine; acids- acetiC, butyric and propionic • Intestinal bacteria contribute to intestinal odor by producing skatole–a chemical that gives feces their stench. • They also produce flatus- intestinal gas (flatulence)

Large Intestine

Respiratory Tract • Oral streptococci, first organisms to colonize • Nasal entrance, nasal vestibule, anterior nasopharynx – S. aureus • Mucous membranes of nasopharynx – Neisseria • Tonsils and lower pharynx – Haemophilus

Respiratory Tract

• Sites that harbor microflora – Females – Vagina and outer opening of urethra – Males – Anterior urethra Streptococci, staphylococci, corynebacteria, coliforms sometimes • Changes in physiology influence the composition of the normal flora – E.g. Vagina (estrogen, glycogen fermented by Lactobacilli pH)

Genitourinary Tract

Maintenance of the Normal Resident Flora

• Normal flora is essential to the health of humans • Flora create an environment that may prevent infections and can enhance host defenses • Broad spectrum antibiotics, dietary changes, and disease may alter flora • Probiotics– introducing pure cultures of known microbes back into the body through injection or inoculation

– introducing pure cultures of known microbes back into the body through injection or inoculation

Probiotics

– capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses – Influenza virus, plague bacillus, malarial protozoan

True pathogens

– cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them

Opportunistic pathogens

– characteristic route a microbe follows to enter the tissues of the body

Portals of entry

agents originate from source outside the body

Exogenous

- agents already exist on or in the body (normal flora)

Endogenous

- Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Other diseases (hepatitis B, AIDS and chlamydia), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes simplex virus

STORCH

– microbes gain a stable foothold at the portal of entry; dependent on binding between specific molecules on host and pathogen

Adhesion

– used to avoid phagocytosis.

Antiphagocytic

– traits used to invade and establish themselves in the host, also determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs – severity of disease

Virulence factors

– dissolve extracellular barriers and penetrate through or between cells. E.g: mucinase, keratinase, collagenase and hyaluronidase, coagulase.

Exoenzymes

– capacity to produce toxins at the site of multiplication.

Toxigenicity

: Any disease or lesion caused by the action of a toxin.

Toxinoses

toxinoses in which the toxin is spread by blood from the site of infection (e.g. tetanus)

Toxemias:

(e.g. botulism) are caused by ingestion of toxins.

Intoxications

– toxin that is not secreted but is released after the cell is damaged

Endotoxin

– toxin molecule secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissue

Exotoxin

– time from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms; agent is multiplying but damage is insufficient to cause symptoms;

Incubation period

– vague feelings of discomfort; nonspecific complaints

Prodromal stage

– multiplies at high levels, becom

Period of invasion

as person begins to respond to the infection, symptoms decline

Convalescent period–

– microbes enter the body and remains confined to a specific tissue- boils, warts, fungal skin infection

Localized infectio

– infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream- viral diseases, bacteri syphilis

Systemic infection

– when infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues- streptococcal pharyngitis gives rise to scarlet fever

Focal infection

– several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site - polymicrobial

Mixed infection

– initial infection

Primary infection

– another infection by a different microbe

Secondary infection

– comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects

Acute infection

– progress and persist over a long period of time

Chronic infection

Latin Abbreviations

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Abbreviations

Abbreviations

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