COMMUNICATION

65問 • 2年前

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Process of sharing information or the process of generating and transmitting meanings. It is the foundation of our way of life. It is also a requirement for a person's well-being. Social interactions among people are necessary to fulfill some of their most elemental psychosocial needs, such as love, affection and recognition. It is a process that requires interpretation, sensitivity, imagination & active participation.

COMMUNICATION

or stimulus motivates a person to communicate with another. It may be an object, emotion, idea, or act.

Referent

also called the encoder, is the person or group who initiates the interpersonal communication or message.

Sender

is the information that is sent or expressed by the sender, what is actually said or written.

Message

are means of conveying messages such as through visual, auditory and tactile senses.

Channels

also called the decoder, is the person to whom the message is sent.

Receiver

or response helps to reveal whether the meaning of the message is received. Can be either verbal, nonverbal or both.

Feedback

The Communication Process

involves spoken or written words.

Verbal communication

or body language is transmission of messages without the use of words. Uses other forms such as gestures or facial expressions and touch.

Non-verbal communication

Computers are increasingly playing a big role in nursing practice. Many health care agencies are moving toward electronic medical records where nurses document their assessments and nursing care. Electronic mail (e-mail) can be used in health care facilities for many purposes: schedule and confirm appointments, report normal lab results, conduct client education and follow up with discharged clients.

Electronic Communication.

is the most common form of electronic communication.

E-Mail

the manner of speech, as in the pace or rhythm and intonation, will modify the feeling and impact of the message. The intonation can express enthusiasm, sadness, anger or amusement. The pace of speech may indicate interest, anxiety, boredom, or fear.

Pace and Intonation

includes the use of commonly understood words, brevity and completeness. Nurses need to learn to select appropriate, understandable terms based on the age, knowledge, culture and education of the client.

Simplicity

a message that is direct and simple will be more effective. Clarity is saying precisely what is meant, and brevity is using the fewest words necessary. To ensure clarity in communication, nurses also need to speak slowly and enunciate carefully.

Clarity and Brevity

nurses need to be aware of both relevance and timing when communicating with clients. No matter how clearly or simply words are stated or written, the timing needs to be appropriate to ensure that words are heard. This also involves sensitivity to the client’s needs and concerns.

Timing and Relevance

spoken words need to be altered in accordance with behavioral cues from the client. What the nurse says and how it is said must be individualized and carefully considered. This requires astute assessment and sensitivity on the part of the nurse.

Adaptability –

means worthiness of belief, trustworthiness, and reliability. It may be the most important criterion of effective communication. Nurses foster credibility by being consistent, dependable and honest.

Credibility –

can be a positive and powerful tool in the nurse-client relationship, but it must be used with care. Humor can be used to help clients adjusts to difficult and painful situations. The physical act of laughter can be an emotional and physical release, reducing tension by providing a different perspective and promoting a sense of well-being. When using humor, it is also important to consider the client’s perception of what is considered humorous.

Humor

is a personal behavior and means different things to different people. Familial, regional, class and cultural influences largely shape tactile experiences. Factors such as age and sex also play a key role in meanings associated with touch. Touch is viewed as one of the most effective nonverbal ways to express feelings of comfort, love affection, security, anger, frustration, aggression, excitement, and many others.

Touch

communication often begins with eye contact. It also suggests respect and a willingness to listen and to keep communication open. Its absence often indicates anxiety or defenselessness, or avoidance of communication.

Eye Contact

the face is the most expressive part of the body. Examples of the various messages facial expressions convey are anger, joy, suspicion, sadness, fear and contempt.

Facial expressions

the way a person holds the body carries nonverbal messages. People in good health and with a positive attitude usually hold their bodies in good alignment. Depressed or tired people are more likely to slouch. Posture also often provides nonverbal cues concerning pain and physical limitations, for instance, a rigid, stiff appearance might be a good indicator of tension and pain.

Posture –

a bouncy purposeful walk usually carries a message of well-being. A less purposeful, shuffling gait often means the person is sad or discouraged. Certain gaits are associated with illness.

Gait

gestures using various parts of the body can carry numerous messages. It is often used extensively when two people speaking in different languages attempt to communicate with each other.

Gestures

most illnesses cause at least some alterations in gen. physical appearance. Observing for changes in appearance is an important nursing responsibility for detecting illness or evaluating the effectiveness of care and therapy,

General physical appearance –

a person’s clothing and grooming practices carry significant nonverbal messages. For example, healthy people with high self-esteem tend to pay attention to details of dress and grooming, whereas, those with low self-esteem often show much less interest to them.

Mode of dressing and grooming

crying, moaning, gasping, and sighing are oral but nonverbal forms of communication. Such sounds can be interpreted in numerous ways. For example, a person might cry because of sadness or joy. Gasping often indicates fear, pain, or surprise. A sigh might be a sign of reluctant agreement to do something or of relief.

Sounds

a silence between two people might indicate complete understanding of each other, that the individuals are thinking, or it might mean that they are angry with each other.

Silence

language, psychosocial, and intellectual development moves through stages across the life span. Knowledge of a client’s developmental stage will allow the health care provider to modify the message accordingly.

development

– males & females communicate differently. Girls tend to use language to seek confirmation, minimize differences and establish intimacy. Boys use language to establish independence and negotiate status within a group.

gender

– each person has unique personality traits, values, and life experiences, each will perceive and interpret messages and experiences differently. Values are the standards that influence behavior. Perceptions are the personal view of an event.

values and perceptions

– refers to distance people prefer in interactions with others.

personal space

– touching to 1 1⁄2 feet, characterized by body contact, heightened sensations of body heat and smell, and vocalization that are low ex. cuddling a baby, touching the sightless clients, observing an incision and restraining a toddler for an injection

intimate

– 1 1⁄2 to 4 feet, voice tones are moderate, body heat and smell are noticed less ex. handshake or touching a shoulder, sitting w/ a client, giving medications, establishing an intravenous infusion

personal

– 4 – 12 feet, characterized by clear visual perception of the whole person, body heat and odor are imperceptible, eye contact is increased, and vocalizations are loud enough to be overheard by others. - communication is more formal and is limited to hearing and seeing ex. nurses make rounds and wave a greeting to someone

social

– 12 to 15 feet, requires loud, clear vocalizations and careful enunciation

public

– concept of space and things that an individual considers as belonging to the self.

territoriality

- choice of words, sentence structure, and tone of voice vary from role to role.

roles and relationships

- people usually communicate most effectively in a comfortable environment. Temperature extremes, excessive noise a poorly ventilated environment and lack of privacy can all interfere with communication.

environment

– verbal and nonverbal aspects of the message match Clients more readily trust the nurse when they perceive the nurse’s communication as congruent.

congruence

– caring, warmth, respect, and acceptance facilitate communication, whereas condescension, lack of interest, and coldness inhibit communication.

interpersonal attitudes

powerful form of communication that occurs within an individual. Known as self - talk, self - verbalization, self – instruction, inner thought & inner dialogue used as a tool to improve nurse’s or client’s health & self- esteem forms guided imagery to enhance coping and decrease stress provides mental rehearsal for difficult tasks or situations so that an individual can deal w/ them more effectively

Intrapersonal communication

- one to one interaction bet. the nurse and another person - most frequently used in the nursing profession - meaningful interpersonal communication results in exchange of ideas, problem solving, expression of feelings, decision-making, goal accomplishment, team building and personal growth

Interpersonal communication

- interaction that occurs within a person’s spiritual domain ex. prayer, meditation, guided reflection, religious rituals

Transpersonal communication

interaction with a small number of persons

Small group communication –

- interaction with an audience - requires adaptation of eye contact, gestures, voice inflection, and use of media materials to communicate messages effectively

Public communication

– similar to the planning stage before an interview.

Preinteraction Phase

- it sets the tone for the rest of the relationship

Introductory / Orientation Phase

– nurse and client accomplish the tasks outlined in the introductory phase, enhance trust and rapport, and develop caring.

Working Phase

– often expected to be difficult and filled with ambivalence.

Termination Phase

using communication for the purpose of creating a beneficial outcome for the client, is the hallmark of the nurse-client relationship. Generally speaking, therapeutic communication is purposeful, in that it is directed toward a specific outcome. Most important, it is nonjudgmental and client-centered. It also promotes understanding and can help establish a constructive relationship between the nurse and the client.

Therapeutic Communication

Basic principles for guiding therapeutic communication:

Time and Place – Setting the stage – Acceptingtheclient– Active listening –

Elements of Therapeutic Communication:

Empathy – Trust – Honesty – Validation – Caring – Active listening

- Ex. Client: :Should I move from my home to a nursing home?” HCP: “If I were you, I’d go to a nursing home where you’ll get your meals cooked for you”

Giving an Opinion

- These responses block the fears, feelings, and other thoughts of the client. Ex: "You'll feel better soon." "I'm sure everything will turn out all right."

Offering False/Unwarranted Reassurance

- Defensiveness in response to criticisms suggests that the interviewee has no right to an opinion.

Being Defensive

- Imply that the client is either right or wrong and that the nurse is in a position to judge this.

Showing Approval or Disapproval

- Ex: " Women are complainers." "Two year olds are brats."

Stereotyping

- Changing the subject stalls progress of the communication process. The interviewee's thoughts and spontaneity are interrupted, ideas become tangled, and as a result, the information provided may be inadequate.

Changing the Subject Inappropriately

-Ex. “I don’t want to discuss that. Let’s talk about...”

Rejecting

-Ex. “I felt nauseated after that red pill” HCP: “Surely you don’t think I gave you the wrong pill”

Challenging

-Ex. Client: “I didn’t ask the doctor when he was here” HCP: “Why didn’t you?”

Probing

-Ex. “Do you think I am not busy?” (forces the client to admit that the nurse really is busy)

Testing

-Ex. “ You shouldn’t do that”

Passing judgement

Latin Abbreviations

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 43問 · 2年前

Latin Abbreviations