Drug study

16問 • 1年前

問題一覧

Classification: Antiviral, antiparkinsonian agent. Mechanism of Action: Inhibits M2 ion channels of the influenza virus; increases dopamine release and inhibits reuptake in the CNS, acting as an NMDA receptor antagonist. Indications: Primarily for Parkinson’s disease and drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms; also used for fatigue in multiple sclerosis and postherpetic neuralgia. Contraindications: Congestive heart failure, hypersensitivity, active bleeding disorders. Adverse Reactions: Dizziness, insomnia, hallucinations, peripheral edema, and potential for seizures. Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor for adverse effects, assess renal function, educate on risks of abrupt withdrawal, and evaluate effectiveness over time.

Amantadine

Classification: Antiparkinsonian agent. Mechanism of Action: Levodopa converts to dopamine in the brain; carbidopa prevents levodopa conversion to dopamine outside the CNS, enhancing its availability in the brain. Indications: Treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. Contraindications: Narrow-angle glaucoma, melanoma, and non-selective MAO inhibitors. Adverse Reactions: Nausea, vomiting, orthostatic hypotension, dyskinesias. Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor for effectiveness and side effects; educate patients on potential interactions and dietary considerations.

Carbidopa-Levodopa

Classification: Antiparkinsonian agent. Mechanism of Action: Converts to dopamine in the CNS to alleviate Parkinson’s symptoms. Indications: Primary treatment for Parkinson’s disease; effective for bradykinesia and rigidity. Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to levodopa or carbidopa; narrow-angle glaucoma. Adverse Reactions: Nausea, dizziness, dyskinesias, and orthostatic hypotension. Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor vital signs and neurological status; assess for medication effectiveness and side effects.

Levodopa

Classification: Anticonvulsant. Mechanism of Action: Stabilizes neuronal membranes by inhibiting sodium channels, reducing excitability. Indications: Treatment of epilepsy, trigeminal neuralgia, and bipolar disorder. Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to carbamazepine or tricyclic antidepressants; bone marrow suppression. Adverse Reactions: Dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, and potential agranulocytosis. Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor CBC for blood dyscrasias; educate about potential interactions with other medications.

Carbamazepine

Classification: Anticonvulsant. Mechanism of Action: Inhibits sodium channels and modulates glutamate release to stabilize neuronal activity. Indications: Epilepsy (partial seizures) and bipolar disorder maintenance therapy. Contraindications: Hypersensitivity to lamotrigine; history of rash with lamotrigine use. Adverse Reactions: Rash (risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome), dizziness, headache. Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor skin for rashes; titrate dosage carefully to minimize side effects.

Lamotrigine

Classification: Barbiturate anticonvulsant. Mechanism of Action: Enhances GABA activity at GABA-A receptors to produce sedation and anticonvulsant effects. Indications: Seizure disorders (tonic-clonic seizures) and as a sedative-hypnotic agent. Contraindications: Severe respiratory disease or history of substance abuse disorders. Adverse Reactions: Sedation, dizziness, cognitive impairment, respiratory depression. Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor respiratory status; assess sedation levels and educate about potential dependency risks.

Phenobarbital

Classification: Benzodiazepine. Mechanism of Action: Enhances GABA-A receptor activity leading to increased inhibitory neurotransmission in the CNS. Indications: Anxiety disorders, panic disorders, seizure disorders (including absence seizures). Contraindications: Severe respiratory insufficiency or sleep apnea syndrome; hypersensitivity to benzodiazepines. Adverse Reactions: Drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, dependence risk with long-term use. Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor for sedation levels; educate about potential withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation.

Clonazepam

Classification: Benzodiazepine. Mechanism of Action: Enhances GABA-A receptor activity resulting in anxiolytic effects and muscle relaxation. Indications: Anxiety relief, muscle spasms, seizures; also used for sedation prior to procedures. Contraindications: Severe respiratory insufficiency or acute narrow-angle glaucoma; hypersensitivity to diazepam or other benzodiazepines. Adverse Reactions: Drowsiness, fatigue, ataxia; risk of dependence with prolonged use. Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor vital signs during administration; assess for signs of misuse or dependence.

Diazepam

Classification: Anticholinergic antiparkinsonian agent. Mechanism of Action: Blocks acetylcholine receptors in the CNS to reduce tremors and rigidity associated with Parkinson’s disease or drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms. Indications: Parkinson’s disease management and acute dystonic reactions from antipsychotics . Contraindications: Narrow-angle glaucoma and prostatic hypertrophy . Adverse Reactions: Dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention . Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor for anticholinergic side effects; educate patients on hydration needs .

Benztropine

Classification: Antihistamine. Mechanism of Action: Competes with histamine at H1 receptor sites to reduce allergy symptoms . Indications: Allergic reactions, motion sickness prevention, insomnia . Contraindications: Acute asthma attacks and hypersensitivity to diphenhydramine . Adverse Reactions: Drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision . Nursing Responsibilities: Assess sedation levels; advise against operating heavy machinery until effects are known .

Diphenhydramine

Classification: Anticholinergic antiparkinsonian agent. Mechanism of Action: Reduces cholinergic activity in the CNS to alleviate tremors associated with Parkinson’s disease . Indications: Management of parkinsonian symptoms and drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms . Contraindications: Glaucoma and myasthenia gravis . Adverse Reactions: Dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention . Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor for anticholinergic side effects; educate on dosage adjustments if adverse reactions occur .

Trihexyphenidyl

Classification: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Mechanism of Action: Inhibits serotonin reuptake in the brain to enhance mood regulation . Indications: Major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders (including OCD), PTSD . Contraindications: Concurrent use with MAO inhibitors or hypersensitivity to sertraline . Adverse Reactions: Nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction . Nursing Responsibilities: Monitor mood changes and suicidal ideation; assess for serotonin syndrome symptoms during treatment initiation .

Sertraline

is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, leading to movement and mood disturbances.

Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease: Typically starting in one hand or arm.

Tremors

Parkinson’s disease: Slowed movements affecting daily tasks.

Bradykinesia

Parkinson’s disease: Muscle stiffness impacting mobility and posture

Rigidity

Latin Abbreviations

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 43問 · 2年前

Latin Abbreviations