Nursing as a Profession

41問 • 2年前

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- an occupation that requires extensive education or a calling that requires special knowledge, skill and preparation (Kozier et. al., 2008) - an occupation or calling requiring advance training and experience in some specific or specialized body of knowledge which provides service to society in that special field (Webster’s Dictionary)

Profession

- refers to professional character, spirit or methods. It is a set of attributes, a way of life that implies responsibility and commitment.

Professionalism

- the process of becoming professional, that is, of acquiring characteristics considered to be professional.

Professionalization

- is an important aspect of professional status. In modern times, the trend in education for the professions has shifted toward programs in colleges and universities. Means of entry into registered nursing include baccalaureate degree, master’s degree and doctoral degree.

Specialized Education

As a profession, nursing is establishing a well defined body of knowledge and expertise. A number of nursing conceptual frameworks contribute to the knowledge base of nursing and give direction to nursing practice, education and ongoing research.

Body of Knowledge

- differentiates nursing from an occupation pursued primarily for profit. Many consider altruism (selfless concern for others) the hallmark of a profession. Nursing has a tradition of service to others. This service, however, must be guided by certain rules, policies, or codes of ethics. Today, nursing is also an important component of the health care delivery system.

Service Orientation

-Increasing research in nursing is contributing to nursing practice.

Ongoing Research

Nurses have traditionally placed a high value on the worth and dignity of others. The nursing profession requires integrity of its members; that is, a member is expected to do what is considered right regardless of the personal cost. Nursing has developed its own codes of ethics and in most instances has set up means to monitor the professional behavior of its members.

Code of Ethics

- A profession is autonomous if it regulates itself and sets standards for its members. Providing autonomy is one of the purposes of a professional association. If nursing is to have professional status, it must function autonomously in the formation of policy and in the control of its activity. To be autonomous, a professional group must be granted legal authority to define the scope of its practice, describe its particular functions and roles and determine its goals and responsibilities in delivery of its services. To practitioners of nursing, autonomy means independence at work, responsibility and accountability for one’s actions.

Autonomy

Operation under the umbrella of a professional organization differentiates a profession from an occupation. Governance is the establishment and maintenance of social, political and economic arrangements by which practitioners control their practice, their self-discipline, their working conditions and their professional affairs. Nurses, therefore need to work within their professional organizations.

Professional Organization

PNA

Philippine Nurses’ Association, Inc.

CCNAPI

Critical Care Nurses Association of the Philippines, Inc.

PONA

Philippine Oncology Nurses' Association, Inc.

MCNAP

Maternal and Child Nurses Association of the Philippines

The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery

Nightingale, 1860-1969

Assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible

Henderson, 1966

The protection , promotion and optimization of health and abilities, preventions of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities and populations

American Nurses Association, 2003

Encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management and education are also key nursing roles

International Council of Nurses, 2002

Characteristics based on the many definitions:

Caring, Art, Science, Client centered, Holistic, Adaptive, Concerned with health promotion, health maintenance and health restoration, Helping profession

Nursing involves concepts of health and person. A holistic approach is used when assessing selected basic human responses. Culturally sensitive interventions are designed to meet client needs. Nursing comes in infinite forms with factors such as situation, culture, age, medical condition, and need for assistance.

Focus: Human Responses

That nursing is tied to the health-illness quality of man is obvious. How it is related is not so easily determined. The term "health" is an essential component of the equation from the broadest definition of well- health to the narrowest such as dying. Nursing is integral to this continuum. "Nursing, then, as a human response, implies the valuing of some human potential beyond the narrow concept of health taken as absence of disease. Nursing's concern is not merely with a person's well-being but with his more- being, with helping him become more as humanly possible in his particular life situation." Nursing then assists the person to be greater than the total sum of all parts.

Well-Being and More-Being

Humaneness is essential for nurses. When nurses are thanked for this quality in what they do, a large part of them are surprised. Those nurses not displaying humaneness are usually criticized. To view that all nursing acts are "overflowing of the milk of human kindness" is in error, as nursing acts and nursing deeds contain all the human potential of anger, pain, meanness, frustration, as well as, joy, happiness, and caring. Thus, nursing acts can contain all responses that all humans experience.

Human Potential

The nursing act occurs between at least two persons. The nurse does and the receiver receives and responds to the nursing or nurturance. The acts of both create an intersubjective transaction, a relationship if only for a moment. This is the "between" that has meaning to both. This is an essential dimension beyond science. "It is a quality of being that is expressed in the doing."

Intersubjective Transaction

Nursing involves both being and doing and these are so interrelated that one does not exist without the other. Much of the description of nursing is focused on the doing half. The "doing" half can be examined, held up for example and talked about. The "being" half of the equation is much more ephemeral and less apparent for scrutiny, but the mere "presence" of the nurse is just as valuable. It is "just being there," to be an active presence. An example may be that of sitting by the bedside during the dying process.

Being and Doing

Nursing that is directed toward the human potential, "that is, an active presence with the whole of the nurse's being. This involved presence is personal and professional." The personal commitment in each nurse is unique. The nurse brings to the interaction his or her unique presence with the professional commitment that the interaction is goal directed. This goal directed act is held to industry standards. While the perfect goal is to have a positive interactive transaction, in actual practice, this may not be the case. Humanistic nursing occurs along a continuum with degrees of genuine presence (Paterson & Zderad in www.humanisticnursingtheory.com).

Authentic Commitment

Aims of Nursing

- To promote health, prevent illness, restore health, facilitate coping with disability or death

Wellness is a process that engages in activities and behaviors that enhance quality of life and maximize personal potential (Anspaugh, Hamrick & Rosata, 2003 in Kozier, et.al, 2008). Nurses promote wellness in clients who are both healthy and ill. This may involve individual and community activities to enhance healthy lifestyles such as improving nutrition and physical fitness, preventing drug and alcohol misuse, restricting smoking and preventing accidents and injury in the home and workplace. Nurses promote health by maximizing the patient’s own individual strengths. Health promotion is the framework for nursing activities. Nurse considers the patient’s self-awareness, health awareness and use of resources while providing care. Through knowledge and skill, the nurse accomplishes the following: 1) facilitates decisions about lifestyle that enhance quality of life and encourage acceptance of responsibility for one’s own health 2) increases health awareness by assisting in the understanding that health is more than just not being ill and by teaching that certain behaviors and factors can contribute to or diminish health 3) teaches self-care activities to maximize achievement of goals that are realistic and attainable; serves as a role model 4) encourages health promotion by providing information and referrals.

Promoting Health and Wellness

The objectives of illness-prevention activities are to reduce the risk for illness, to promote good health habits and to maintain optimal functioning. Nurses prevent illness primarily by teaching and by personal example. Such activities include the following: 1) educational programs in areas such as prenatal care for pregnant women, smoking-cessation programs and stress-reduction seminars 2) community programs and resources that encourage healthy lifestyles, such as aerobic exercise classes, “swimnastics,” and physical fitness programs 3) literature, television, radio or Internet information on diet, exercise and the importance of good health habits 4) health assessments in institutions, clinics and community settings that identify areas of strengths and risks for illness. Additional nursing activities that prevent illness include immunizations, infant care and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.

Preventing Illness

Activities to restore health focus on the individual with an illness and range from early detection of a disease to rehabilitation and teaching during recovery. Such activities include the following: 1) performing diagnostic measurements and assessments that detect an illness (e.g. taking BP, measuring blood sugars, examining feces for occult blood) 2) referring questions and abnormal findings to other healthcare providers as appropriate 3) providing direct care of the person who is ill by such measures as giving physical care, administering medications and carrying out procedures and treatments 4) collaborating with other healthcare providers in providing care 5) planning, teaching and carrying out rehabilitation for illnesses such as heart attacks, arthritis and strokes 6) working in mental health and chemical –dependency programs.

Restoring Health

Nurses also facilitate patient and family coping with altered function, life crisis and death. Nurses can facilitate an optimal level of function through maximizing the person’s strengths and potentials, through teaching, and referral to community support systems. Nurses provide care to both patients and families during end of life care, and they do so in hospitals, long-term-care- facilities and homes. Nurses are active in hospice programs, which assist patients and their families in preparing for death and in living as comfortably as possible until death occurs.

Facilitating Coping with Disability and Death

Professional Preparation A nurse must have a:

Bachelor of Science degree in Nursing, License to practice nursing in the country, Physically and mentally fit.

Personal Qualities and Professional Proficiencies A nurse should have the following:

Interest and willingness, Concern for people, Resourcefulness and creativity, Capacity and ability, Initiative, Competence, Skill in decision making, Active participation, Pleasing personality

Warm/pleasing personality reflective of the following:

Poise, Good complexion, Hair, Good posture, Nurse’s uniform, Art of conversation, Spiritual health

- Knowledge of etiquette, a gracious manner and a complete mastery of social usages are also important. Social usage is based on consideration for the comfort and happiness of others. - As a nurse, one constantly meets new people and finds himself/herself trusts into unfamiliar and unexpected situation. A nurse must be prepared to meet any situation with ease. For instance, it is necessary to be calm and collected in an emergency where life and death are involved. - A nurse must have the qualities of courtesy, unselfishness and self-control.

Poise

Other qualities affecting poise are:

Self acceptance, Acceptance of others, Right kind of pride

- This is also an index of health. The purpose of use of makeup is to enhance and beautify the natural appearance however; this should be use with discretion.

Good complexion

The ____ should be washed and brushed as often and necessary to keep it lustrous and attractive and should be arranged always in a becoming coiffure that suits one’s uniform or apparel.

Hair

- With the body carried in proper alignment, the organs are enabled to function naturally.

Good posture

- The nurse should wear the uniform only when engaged in the performance of professional duties. The nurse must maintain its neatness and cleanliness.

Nurse’s uniform

- In nursing, one’s relationship with his/her professional and social associates needs to be pleasant ones, thus, he/she will use conversation constantly to convey his/her ideas and thoughts.

Art of conversation

- The nurse who is truly religious will understand the need of doing what he/she can to help cure spiritual illness as well as to maintain his/her own state of spiritual health.

Spiritual Health

Latin Abbreviations

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 43問 · 2年前

Latin Abbreviations