Lecture 1 and 2

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 43問 · 2年前

通報

問題一覧

The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification

Microbiology

Microorganisms include:

– Bacteria – Viruses – Fungi – Protozoa – Helminths (worms) – Algae

Bacteria-like organisms have existed on earth for about _______.

3.5 billion years

- microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles - Simple cells

Prokaryotes

- unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles - Complex cells

Eukaryotes

- Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein

Viruses

The flow of energy and food through the earth’s ecosystems

Microbes in Energy & Nutrient Flow

Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material

Photosynthesis

Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds

Decomposition

Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms

Biotechnology

Manipulating the genes of organisms to make new products

Genetic engineering

Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem

Bioremediation

_______ live on or in the body of another organism called the ______ and it damages the host.

Parasites, Host

Microbes that do harm

Pathogens

Nearly ______ different microbes cause diseases

2,000

___ B new infections/year worldwide

___ M deaths from infections/year worldwide

Thousands of microbiologists over ____ years

300

Prominent discoveries include:

- Microscopy – Scientific method – Development of medical microbiology – Microbiology techniques

- is an early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter (flies from manure, etc.)

Spontaneous Generation

_____ eventually disproved spontaneous generation and proved the Theory of Biogenesis- the idea that living things can only arise from other living things

Louis Pasteur

• Dutch linen merchant • First to observe living microbes • Single-lens magnified up to 300X

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

_____ and ______ each demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of some microbes. – Cohn determined these forms to be heat- resistant bacterial endospores.

John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn, endospores.

requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses.

Sterility

– observed that mothers of home births had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals.

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

– correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

– introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections

Joseph Lister

Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.

The Germ Theory of Disease

Two major contributors: The Germ Theory of Disease

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

• Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage • Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms • Developed pasteurization • Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

• Established Koch’s postulates- a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory • Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera • Developed pure culture methods

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

- _______ organizing, classifying, and naming living things – Formal system originated by ______

Taxonomy, Carl von Linné

- assigning names

Nomenclature

Levels of Classification

• Domain - Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya • Kingdom • Phylum or Division • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

Gives each microbe 2 names: – _____ capitalized – _____ lowercase

Genus, Species

Both italicized or underlined

S.aureus

natural relatedness between groups of organisms

Phylogeny

true bacteria

Bacteria

odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc.

Archaea

have a nucleus and organelles

Eukarya

ability to enlarge objects

Magnification

– ability to show detail

Resolving power

_____ in most microscopes results from an interaction between visible light waves and the curvature of a lens.

Magnification

The objective lens forms the magnified ______

real image

The real image is projected to the ____ where it is magnified again to form the ______

Ocular, Virtual Image

of the final image is a product of the separate magnifying powers of the two lenses

Total magnification

The capacity to distinguish or separate two adjacent objects and depends on

Resolution

_____ of lens ranges from 0.1 to 1.25

Numerical aperture

– most widely used; specimen is darker than surrounding field; used for live and preserved stained specimens

Bright field

– brightly illuminated specimens surrounded by dark field; used for live and unstained specimens

Dark field

– transforms subtle changes in light waves passing through the specimen into differences in light intensity, best for observing intracellular structures

Phase contrast

• Modified microscope with an ultraviolet radiation source and filter. • Uses dyes that emit visible light when bombarded with shorter UV rays - fluorescence • Useful in diagnosing infections

Fluorescence Microscope

• Uses a laser beam of light to scan the specimen. • Integrates images to allow focus on multiple depths or planes

Scanning Confocal Microscope

• Forms an image with a beam of electrons that can be made to travel in wavelike patterns when accelerated to high speeds • Electron waves are 100,000 times shorter than the waves of visible light • Electrons have tremendous power to resolve minute structures because resolving power is a function of wavelength • Magnification between 5,000X and 1,000,000X

Electron Microscopy

– transmit electrons through the specimen. Darker areas represent thicker, denser parts and lighter areas indicate more transparent, less dense parts.

Transmission electron microscopes (TEM)

– provide detailed three- dimensional view. SEM bombards surface of a whole, metal-coated specimen with electrons while scanning back and forth over it.

Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)

- allow examination of characteristics of live cells: size, motility, shape, and arrangement

Wet mounts and hanging drop mounts

- are made by drying and heating a film of specimen. This smear is stained using dyes to permit visualization of cells or cell parts.

Fixed mounts

Dyes are used to create contrast by imparting color

Staining

cationic, positively charged chromophore

Basic dyes

- surfaces of microbes are negatively charged and attract basic dyes

Positive staining

– anionic, negatively charged chromophore

Acidic dyes

– microbe repels dye, the dye stains the background

Negative staining

– one dye is used; reveals shape, size, and arrangement

Simple stains

– use a primary stain and a counterstain to distinguish cell types or parts (examples: Gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain)

Differential stains

- reveal certain cell parts not revealed by conventional methods: capsule and flagellar stains

Structural stains

The 6 I’s of Culturing Microbes

Inoculation, Isolation, Incubation, Inspection, Information gathering, Identification

– introduction of a sample into a container of media to produce a culture of observable growth

Inoculation

If an individual bacterial cell is separated from other cells and has space on a nutrient surface, it will grow into a mound of cells— a colony. A colony consists of one species.

Isolation

• If a single species is growing in the container, you have a PURE CULTURE but if there are multiple species than you have a MIXED CULTURE. • Check for contaminants (unknown or unwanted microbes) in the culture.

Inspection

Ways to Identify a Microbe:

Cells and colony, DNA, Biochemical, Immunological

(Media) – liquid, semisolid, and solid

Physical state

(Media) – synthetic (chemically defined) and complex

Chemical composition

– general purpose, enriched, selective, differential, anaerobic, transport, assay, enumeration

Functional type

(Media) – broth; does not solidify

Liquid

(Media) – contains solidifying agent

Semisolid

(Media) – firm surface for colony formation – Contains solidifying agent – Liquefiable and nonliquefiable

Solid

- The most commonly used solidifying agent – Solid at room temperature, liquefies at boiling (100oC), does not re-solidify until it cools to 42oC – Provides framework to hold moisture and nutrients – Not digestible for most microbes

Agar

– liquid medium containing beef extract and peptone

Nutrient broth

– solid media containing beef extract, peptone, and agar

Nutrient agar

– contains pure organic and inorganic compounds in an exact chemical formula

Synthetic

– contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable

Complex

– grows a broad range of microbes, usually nonsynthetic

General purpose media

– contains complex organic substances such as blood, serum, hemoglobin, or special growth factors required by fastidious microbes

Enriched media

- contains one or more agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of the desired microbes

Selective media

- allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes

Differential media

- Carbohydrate fermentation medium

Miscellaneous Media

Latin Abbreviations

Latin Abbreviations

43問 • 2年前

History Taking

History Taking

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 8問 · 2年前

Skin Assessment

Skin Assessment

8問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 32問 · 2年前

Positioning the Patient for different Examinations

Positioning the Patient for different Examinations

32問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 22問 · 2年前

Body Mechanics

Body Mechanics

22問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 5問 · 2年前

Moving and Transferring Patient

Moving and Transferring Patient

5問 • 2年前

Self Efficacy Theory

Self Efficacy Theory

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 13問 · 2年前

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

13問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 8問 · 2年前

HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL

HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL

8問 • 2年前

Preceed Proceed Model

Preceed Proceed Model

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 10問 · 2年前

Modes of Communication

Modes of Communication

10問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 16問 · 2年前

Communication and Globalization

Communication and Globalization

16問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 14問 · 2年前

Intercultural Communication

Intercultural Communication

14問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 7問 · 2年前

The Cultural Texts

The Cultural Texts

7問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 25問 · 2年前

The Communication Process

The Communication Process

25問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 48問 · 2年前

Lecture 3

Lecture 3

48問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 89問 · 2年前

Lecture 4 and Microflora

Lecture 4 and Microflora

89問 • 2年前

Lecture 1 & 2

Lecture 1 & 2

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 16問 · 2年前

LEARNING andthe LEARNER

LEARNING andthe LEARNER

16問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 15問 · 2年前

NURSING AS A PROFESSION

NURSING AS A PROFESSION

15問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 12問 · 2年前

Barbara Carper & Patricia Benner

Barbara Carper & Patricia Benner

12問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 33問 · 2年前

Legal Aspects of Nursing

Legal Aspects of Nursing

33問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 41問 · 2年前

Nursing as a Profession

Nursing as a Profession

41問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 26問 · 2年前

OVERVIEW OF THE CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES

OVERVIEW OF THE CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES

26問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 93問 · 2年前

GLOBAL EVOLUTION/HISTORY OF NURSING

GLOBAL EVOLUTION/HISTORY OF NURSING

93問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 14問 · 2年前

Thorax and Lungs (Respiratory Assessment)

Thorax and Lungs (Respiratory Assessment)

14問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 6問 · 2年前

Bed Bath

Bed Bath

6問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 47問 · 2年前

Gastrointestinal

Gastrointestinal

47問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 31問 · 2年前

Cardio

Cardio

31問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 65問 · 2年前

COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION

65問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 17問 · 2年前

COMMON COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES/TECHNIQUES (Therapeutic Communication Techniques)

COMMON COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES/TECHNIQUES (Therapeutic Communication Techniques)

17問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 10問 · 2年前

MAN

MAN

10問 • 2年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 94問 · 1年前

PRE-NATAL CARE AND ASSESSMENT

PRE-NATAL CARE AND ASSESSMENT

94問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 17問 · 1年前

DRUG ADMINISTRATION

DRUG ADMINISTRATION

17問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 32問 · 1年前

Antepartum / Prenatal Assessment

Antepartum / Prenatal Assessment

32問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 8問 · 1年前

Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests in Pregnancy

Diagnostic and Laboratory Tests in Pregnancy

8問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 14問 · 1年前

Nursing Care During Prenatal Period:Positioning, Draping, Enema & Catheterization

Nursing Care During Prenatal Period:Positioning, Draping, Enema & Catheterization

14問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 73問 · 1年前

Labor

Labor

73問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 26問 · 1年前

Carbohydrate

Carbohydrate

26問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 26問 · 1年前

FATS

FATS

26問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 32問 · 1年前

Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamins and Minerals

32問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 23問 · 1年前

Nutrition and Diet

Nutrition and Diet

23問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 27問 · 1年前

WEEK 2

WEEK 2

27問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 40問 · 1年前

Week 3

Week 3

40問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 8問 · 1年前

Week 5

Week 5

8問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 18問 · 1年前

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

18問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 11問 · 1年前

Chapter 2

Chapter 2

11問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 35問 · 1年前

Week 7

Week 7

35問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 56問 · 1年前

NUTRITION-AND-THE-LIFE-CYCLE-LEC-AND-LAB

NUTRITION-AND-THE-LIFE-CYCLE-LEC-AND-LAB

56問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 21問 · 1年前

THERAPEUTIC DIET

THERAPEUTIC DIET

21問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 31問 · 1年前

VITAMINS AND MINERALS

VITAMINS AND MINERALS

31問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 30問 · 1年前

Week 7

Week 7

30問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 86問 · 1年前

Week 8 and 9

Week 8 and 9

86問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 17問 · 1年前

Week 10

Week 10

17問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 16問 · 1年前

Drug study

Drug study

16問 • 1年前

JULLIANNE DANDAN · 13問 · 1年前

Abbreviations

Abbreviations

13問 • 1年前