BIOSTAT FINALS (1)

100問 • 1年前

Reviewer

通報

問題一覧

Ultimate goal of epidemiology

To promote the health and well-being of society as a whole.

The term "study" in epidemiology refers to the

Distribution

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems.

Epidemiology

The word epidemiology comes from the Greek words epi, meaning ____ demos, meaning ____ and logos, meaning _____.

“on or upon,” “people,” “the study of.”

to analytic epidemiology

Determinants

All are “Determinants” - to analytic epidemiology, except:

Host

All are “Distribution” - descriptive epidemiology except:

Why

descriptive epidemiology

Distribution

Evaluates the impact of government and private-sector health policies, designs and evaluates innovations in health care organization and financing, and examines the effects of new technologies or new uses of existing technologies.

Health Services Research

The area where epidemiological principles and methods are applied.

Health Services Research

Measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval.

Mortality Rate

comprises the numerator for computing mortality rate.

Deaths

extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms

Subclinical disease

refers to the time between exposure to an infectious agent and the onset of disease symptoms.

Incubation

Time to symptoms (infectious disease)

Incubation

Time to detection in non-communicable disease or to infectiousness in communicable diseases

Latency

he stage wherein most diagnoses are typically made.

Clinical disease

The full range of manifestations of a disease

Spectrum of disease

This refers to the proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease.

Pathogenicity

• Simplest model of disease causation

Epidemiologic Triad or Triangle

Traditional model used for understanding infectious diseases.

Epidemiologic Triad or Triangle

Referred to an infectious microorganism or pathogen: a virus, bacterium, parasite, or other microbe

Agent

Generally, it must be present for disease to occur; however, presence of that alone is not always sufficient to cause disease.

agent

A variety of factors influence whether exposure to an organism will result in disease, including the organism’s pathogenicity (ability to cause disease) and dose

Agent

refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal.

Virulence

Refers to the human who can get the disease

Host

A variety of factors intrinsic to the host, sometimes called _____, can influence an individual’s exposure, susceptibility, or response to a causative agent.

risk factors

All are behaviors that influence the opportunities for exposure except

environment

A model was proposed by Rothman in 1976.

Causal Pies

It is the individual factors in causal pies. It may include intrinsic host as well as agent and environmental factors of the agent-hostenvironmental triad

Component causes

The complete pie in Causal Pies

Sufficient cause

-A component that appears in every pie or pathway. without it, disease does not occur.

Necessary cause

Refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a specific geographic area, like a state or country

Endemic

refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

Sporadic

refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence.

Hyperendemic

Malaria and Capillariasis are example of?

Hyperendemic

It is often used for a more limited geographic area. A higher number of cases than expected in an area within a certain time period. Amount of disease in a community rises above the expected level.

Outbreak

It refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area. It might result from factors that decrease host exposure or involve new portals of entry.

Epidemic

HIV and Tuberculosis in the Philippines are example of?

Epidemic

It refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people

Pandemic

SARS-CoV-2, Avian Flu, Plague, H1N1 are example of?

Pandemic

is one in which a group of persons are all exposed to an infectious agent or a toxin from the same source.

Common-source

If the group is exposed over a relatively brief period, so that everyone who becomes ill does so within one incubation period

Point

- the range of exposures and range of incubation periods tend to flatten and widen the peaks of the epidemic curve.

Continuous

Voften has a pattern reflecting the intermittent nature of the exposure.

Intermittent

person-to-person transmission

Propagated

Some epidemics have features of both common-source epidemics and propagated epidemics. The pattern of a common-source outbreak followed by secondary person-to-person spread is not uncommon

Mixed

may result from sufficient prevalence of infection in host species, sufficient presence of vectors, and sufficient human-vector interaction.

Outbreaks of zoonotic or vector-borne disease

Microorganisms or “germs” that can cause disease or illness

Infectious agent

derived from the Greek, meaning “that which produces suffering.”

Pathogen

- ability of an infectious agent to cause disease.

Infectivity

Habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies. - Include humans, animals, and the environment

Reservoir

Many common infectious diseases have human reservoirs.

Human reservoirs

- Diseases are transmitted from person to person

Human reservoirs

Mumps and Measles are example of this

Human reservoirs

-Diseases are transmitted from animal to animal, with humans as incidental hosts.

Animal reservoirs

refers to an infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans.

Zoonosis

Tularemia and Rabies are example of this

Zoonosis / Animal reservoirs

Diseases are transmitted from plants, soil, and water.

Environmental reservoirs

Histoplasmosis and Legionnaires disease are example of this

Environmental reservoirs

path by which a pathogen leaves its host

portal of exit of the causative agent of Bilharziasis

voided urine

The following diseases can exit by crossing the placenta from mother to fetus: TORCH except

Leishmaniasis

occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse.

Direct contact

AIDS, Syphilis and Gonnorhea are example of

Direct contact

Pertussis and meningococcal infection are example of

Droplet

refers to spray with relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or even talking.

Droplet

- infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air.

Airborne transmission

- indirectly transmit an infectious agent include food, water, biologic products (blood), and fomites (inanimate objects such as handkerchiefs, bedding, or surgical scalpels).

Vehicles

- mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks may carry an infectious agent through purely mechanical means or may support growth or changes in the agent.

Vectors

refers to the manner in which a pathogen invades a susceptible host

Portal of entry

The final link in the chain of infection.

Susceptible host

The following are host factors that influence the outcome of an exposure except

Temperature

The following are agent factors that influence the outcome of an exposure except:

Prevalence

The following are environmental factors that influence the outcome of an exposure except:

Medication that alters the normal flora

- It is the study of the amount of distribution of disease or other health-related characteristics in human populations by person, places and time

Descriptive epidemiologic studies

Detailed description of one or every few cases with an unusual presentation or complication.

Case Reports

A detailed description of a collection of patients or cases with common characteristics related to clinical features of a disease or condition

Case study/series

- describes the incidence, or a number of new cases of a disease or condition, during a specific time in a specific population.

Incidence study

refers to the studies designed to examine association. These designs require comparison groups. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or are concerned with the health effects of specific exposures. - usually begin with a hypothesis of a causal relationship.

Analytic epidemiologic studies

The types of analytic studies include:

Observational studies and Experimental studies

Use randomized selection process. • Conditions are under the direct control of the investigator. • Exposure is assigned by the investigators • Used to assign study subjects to different exposure groups.

Experimental studies

Experimental studies can be:

a. Single blinded b. Double-blinded c. Triple blinded

Types of Experimental Studies:

a. Therapeutic or clinical randomized control trials b. Preventive and community intervention trials.

Advantages of Experimental Study

AOTA

Disadvantages of Experimental Study

AOTA

- Result of fluctuations around a true value because of sampling variability. - It can occur during data collection, coding, transfer, or analysis.

Random Error

Examples of Random Error except

Misplaced word

Precision in epidemiological variables is a measure of an error. Precision is reversely related to random error.

false, false

Difference between the true value (in the population) and the observed value (in the study).

Systematic Error - A.K.A Bias

Example of Systematic Error - A.K.A Bias

Improper calibration of beam balance

- refers to the co-occurrence or mixing of effects of extraneous factors.

Confounding

proportion of individuals with that disease who test positively with the test.

Diagnostic Sensitivity

proportion of individuals without the disease who test negatively for the disease

Diagnostic Specificity

- is the probability that subjects with a positive screening test truly have the disease.

Positive Predictive Value

- is the probability that subjects with a negative screening test truly don’t have the disease

Negative predictive value

A measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval.

Mortality rate

Refers to the state of having a specific illness or condition.

Morbidity

- the mortality rate from all causes of death for a population.

Crude Death Rate

100

MEASURES OF MORTALITY

Crude Death Rate, Age Specific Death Rate, Cause Specific Death, Cause/Race-Specific Death Rate, Proportion Mortality Ratio, Maternal Mortality Ratio, Neonatal Mortality Proportion, Fetal Death Ratio, Perinatal Mortality Proportion

PMLS

Reviewer · 87問 · 2年前

PMLS

87問 • 2年前

Reviewer

ANAPHY

Reviewer · 101問 · 2年前

ANAPHY

101問 • 2年前

Reviewer

Anaphy P2

Reviewer · 100問 · 2年前

Anaphy P2

Anaphy P2 (2)

Anaphy P2 (2)

Contemporary World

Contemporary World

Pmls P2

Pmls P2

hes p3

Reviewer · 100問 · 2年前

hes p3

Anachem

Anachem

sjc l1

sjc l1

bio lab1 pic

bio lab1 pic

sjc L2

sjc L2

Biostat L3

Biostat L3

sjc L3&L4

sjc L3&L4

HIS L3

HIS L3

HIS L4

HIS L4

HIS L5

HIS L5

HIS L3

HIS L3

PSTM L3-L5

PSTM L3-L5

P1 Reviewer

P1 Reviewer

CPH P2

CPH P2

P2 Mod

P2 Mod

ANCH P2

ANCH P2

ANCH P2 MOD

ANCH P2 MOD

CPH

CPH

HIS

HIS

CFU ANCH P1-P3

CFU ANCH P1-P3

anch

anch

ANCH P2 Terms

ANCH P2 Terms

BIOSTAT FINALS (2)

BIOSTAT FINALS (2)

BIOSTAT FORMULA

BIOSTAT FORMULA

CFU CPH 1-5

CFU CPH 1-5

CFU CPH 6-16

CFU CPH 6-16

CFU CPH 17-23

CFU CPH 17-23

CFU HIS P1

CFU HIS P1

CFU HIS P2

CFU HIS P2

CFU HIS P3

CFU HIS P3

BIOSTAT FORMULA

BIOSTAT FORMULA

Mod 1-7

Mod 1-7

Mod 1

Mod 1

Mod 2

Mod 2

Mod 3

Mod 3

Mod 4

Mod 4

Mod 6

Mod 6

Mod 1-6

Mod 1-6

Mod 7

Mod 7

Mod 1

Mod 1

Mod 2

Mod 2

Mod 3

Mod 3

Mod 4

Mod 4

Mod 5

Mod 5

Mod 6

Mod 6

Mod 1-7

Mod 1-7

Mod 1

Mod 1

Mod 2

Mod 2

Mod 3

Mod 3

Mod 4

Mod 4

Mod 5

Mod 5

Mod 6

Mod 6

Mod 7

Mod 7

Mod 1

Mod 1

Mod 2

Mod 2

Mod 3

Mod 3

Mod 1

Mod 1

Mod 6

Mod 6

Mod 1

Mod 1

Mod 2

Mod 2

Mod 5

Mod 5

Mod 7

Mod 7

Mod 5

Mod 5

Mod 7

Mod 7

Mod 4

Mod 4

Mod 6

Mod 6

Mod 2

Mod 2

Mod 3

Mod 3

Mod 5

Mod 5

Mod 4

Mod 4

Lab Management

Lab Management

Biochemistry

Biochemistry

Cytogenetics

Cytogenetics

問題一覧

Ultimate goal of epidemiology

To promote the health and well-being of society as a whole.

The term "study" in epidemiology refers to the

Distribution

the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems.

Epidemiology

The word epidemiology comes from the Greek words epi, meaning ____ demos, meaning ____ and logos, meaning _____.

“on or upon,” “people,” “the study of.”

to analytic epidemiology

Determinants

All are “Determinants” - to analytic epidemiology, except:

Host

All are “Distribution” - descriptive epidemiology except:

Why

descriptive epidemiology

Distribution

Health Services Research

The area where epidemiological principles and methods are applied.

Health Services Research

Measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval.

Mortality Rate

comprises the numerator for computing mortality rate.

Deaths

extending from the time of exposure to onset of disease symptoms

Subclinical disease

refers to the time between exposure to an infectious agent and the onset of disease symptoms.

Incubation

Time to symptoms (infectious disease)

Incubation

Time to detection in non-communicable disease or to infectiousness in communicable diseases

Latency

he stage wherein most diagnoses are typically made.

Clinical disease

The full range of manifestations of a disease

Spectrum of disease

This refers to the proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease.

Pathogenicity

• Simplest model of disease causation

Epidemiologic Triad or Triangle

Traditional model used for understanding infectious diseases.

Epidemiologic Triad or Triangle

Referred to an infectious microorganism or pathogen: a virus, bacterium, parasite, or other microbe

Agent

Generally, it must be present for disease to occur; however, presence of that alone is not always sufficient to cause disease.

agent

A variety of factors influence whether exposure to an organism will result in disease, including the organism’s pathogenicity (ability to cause disease) and dose

Agent

refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal.

Virulence

Refers to the human who can get the disease

Host

A variety of factors intrinsic to the host, sometimes called _____, can influence an individual’s exposure, susceptibility, or response to a causative agent.

risk factors

All are behaviors that influence the opportunities for exposure except

environment

A model was proposed by Rothman in 1976.

Causal Pies

It is the individual factors in causal pies. It may include intrinsic host as well as agent and environmental factors of the agent-hostenvironmental triad

Component causes

The complete pie in Causal Pies

Sufficient cause

-A component that appears in every pie or pathway. without it, disease does not occur.

Necessary cause

Refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a specific geographic area, like a state or country

Endemic

refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

Sporadic

refers to persistent, high levels of disease occurrence.

Hyperendemic

Malaria and Capillariasis are example of?

Hyperendemic

It is often used for a more limited geographic area. A higher number of cases than expected in an area within a certain time period. Amount of disease in a community rises above the expected level.

Outbreak

Epidemic

HIV and Tuberculosis in the Philippines are example of?

Epidemic

It refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people

Pandemic

SARS-CoV-2, Avian Flu, Plague, H1N1 are example of?

Pandemic

is one in which a group of persons are all exposed to an infectious agent or a toxin from the same source.

Common-source

If the group is exposed over a relatively brief period, so that everyone who becomes ill does so within one incubation period

Point

- the range of exposures and range of incubation periods tend to flatten and widen the peaks of the epidemic curve.

Continuous

Voften has a pattern reflecting the intermittent nature of the exposure.

Intermittent

person-to-person transmission

Propagated

Some epidemics have features of both common-source epidemics and propagated epidemics. The pattern of a common-source outbreak followed by secondary person-to-person spread is not uncommon

Mixed

may result from sufficient prevalence of infection in host species, sufficient presence of vectors, and sufficient human-vector interaction.

Outbreaks of zoonotic or vector-borne disease

Microorganisms or “germs” that can cause disease or illness

Infectious agent

derived from the Greek, meaning “that which produces suffering.”

Pathogen

- ability of an infectious agent to cause disease.

Infectivity

Habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, and multiplies. - Include humans, animals, and the environment

Reservoir

Many common infectious diseases have human reservoirs.

Human reservoirs

- Diseases are transmitted from person to person

Human reservoirs

Mumps and Measles are example of this

Human reservoirs

-Diseases are transmitted from animal to animal, with humans as incidental hosts.

Animal reservoirs

refers to an infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans.

Zoonosis

Tularemia and Rabies are example of this

Zoonosis / Animal reservoirs

Diseases are transmitted from plants, soil, and water.

Environmental reservoirs

Histoplasmosis and Legionnaires disease are example of this

Environmental reservoirs

path by which a pathogen leaves its host

portal of exit of the causative agent of Bilharziasis

voided urine

The following diseases can exit by crossing the placenta from mother to fetus: TORCH except

Leishmaniasis

occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse.

Direct contact

AIDS, Syphilis and Gonnorhea are example of

Direct contact

Pertussis and meningococcal infection are example of

Droplet

refers to spray with relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or even talking.

Droplet

- infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air.

Airborne transmission

- indirectly transmit an infectious agent include food, water, biologic products (blood), and fomites (inanimate objects such as handkerchiefs, bedding, or surgical scalpels).

Vehicles

- mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks may carry an infectious agent through purely mechanical means or may support growth or changes in the agent.

Vectors

refers to the manner in which a pathogen invades a susceptible host

Portal of entry

The final link in the chain of infection.

Susceptible host

The following are host factors that influence the outcome of an exposure except

Temperature

The following are agent factors that influence the outcome of an exposure except:

Prevalence

The following are environmental factors that influence the outcome of an exposure except:

Medication that alters the normal flora

- It is the study of the amount of distribution of disease or other health-related characteristics in human populations by person, places and time

Descriptive epidemiologic studies

Detailed description of one or every few cases with an unusual presentation or complication.

Case Reports

A detailed description of a collection of patients or cases with common characteristics related to clinical features of a disease or condition

Case study/series

- describes the incidence, or a number of new cases of a disease or condition, during a specific time in a specific population.

Incidence study

Analytic epidemiologic studies

The types of analytic studies include:

Observational studies and Experimental studies

Experimental studies

Experimental studies can be:

a. Single blinded b. Double-blinded c. Triple blinded

Types of Experimental Studies:

a. Therapeutic or clinical randomized control trials b. Preventive and community intervention trials.

Advantages of Experimental Study

AOTA

Disadvantages of Experimental Study

AOTA

- Result of fluctuations around a true value because of sampling variability. - It can occur during data collection, coding, transfer, or analysis.

Random Error

Examples of Random Error except

Misplaced word

Precision in epidemiological variables is a measure of an error. Precision is reversely related to random error.

false, false

Difference between the true value (in the population) and the observed value (in the study).

Systematic Error - A.K.A Bias

Example of Systematic Error - A.K.A Bias

Improper calibration of beam balance

- refers to the co-occurrence or mixing of effects of extraneous factors.

Confounding

proportion of individuals with that disease who test positively with the test.

Diagnostic Sensitivity

proportion of individuals without the disease who test negatively for the disease

Diagnostic Specificity

- is the probability that subjects with a positive screening test truly have the disease.

Positive Predictive Value

- is the probability that subjects with a negative screening test truly don’t have the disease

Negative predictive value

A measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval.

Mortality rate

Refers to the state of having a specific illness or condition.

Morbidity

- the mortality rate from all causes of death for a population.

Crude Death Rate

100

MEASURES OF MORTALITY